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286 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abdomen
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third, or posterior, region of the insect body
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Abdomen
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third, or posterior, region of the insect body
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Adult
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reproductively mature insect
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Aedeagus
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intromittent organ that provides delivery of sperm during copulation ("aidoi" = "genitals", "agos" = "leader")
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Air sac
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expanded, thin-walled areas in the trachea
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Alimentary canal
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the food tube from the mouth to the anus
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Allelochemical
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substance produced by an individual that has a detrimental effect on an individual of a different species ("allelo" = "reciprocally")
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Allomone
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a chemical emitted by an individual of one species that alters the behaviour of an individual of another species to the benefit of the emitter and the detriment of the receiver ("allo" = "other")
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Alveoli
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sockets for the insertion of hairs or bristles ("alveolus" = "small cavity")
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Ametabolous
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having no metamorphosis
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Ammonia
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toxic nitrogenous waste product excreted by some aquatic insects
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Anal veins
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longitudinal, unbranched veins posterior to the cubitus
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Anemotaxis
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directed movement in response to air currents ("anemo" = "wind", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Antennae
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paired segmented structures on the head, with a sensory function
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Aorta
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anterior, non-chambered part of the dorsal vessel, opening into the head
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Apiculture
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cultivation of bees ("apis" = "bee")
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Apterygota
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subclass of Insecta including ancestrally wingless insects ["a" = "without", "pter" = "wing"]
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Arolium
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terminal pad between the claws of the pretarsus
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Arthropoda
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invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons ["arthro" = "jointed", "pod" = "leg"]
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Associative learning
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ability to form associations between stimuli and reinforcements
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Astrotaxis
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directed movement in response to polarized light ("astro" = "star", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Asynchronous flight muscles
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flight muscles that contract more than once in response to a single nerve impulse
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Authority [taxonomic]
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the name of the person/s who published the taxonomic description of an organism or group of organisms.
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Basement membrane
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membrane underlying an epithelial layer
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Beltian body
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detachable, protein- and lipid-rich structure on the leaves of some plants
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Biological control
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the use by humans of living organisms to control (=suppress) populations of undesirable animals and plants
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Campodeiform
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larva with well developed sense organs and mouthparts, but no abdominal appendages other than cerci
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Cantharidin
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chemical in adult Meloidae that causes blisters on human skin (kantharis" = "beetle")
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Centinelan extinction
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many species eradicated in a very short time span (e.g. days to months)
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Cerci
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paired structures at the tip of the abdomen (singular: cercus)
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Cervix
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membranous region between the head and prothorax
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Chemotaxis
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directed movement in response to chemicals ("taxis" = "arrangement")
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Chordotonal organ
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sense organ attached to body wall at both ends ("chord" = "string of a musical instrument")
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Classical conditioning
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learning that associates a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that normally evokes a response
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Clypeus
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sclerite of the insect head below the frons and attached to the labrum ("clyp" = "shield")
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Coarctate
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pupa with entire body protected by hard covering, usually the cuticle of the last larval instar ("coarctare" = "press or draw together")
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Cochineal
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a red dye made from dried scale insects, Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)
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Communal
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form of sociality in which members of the same generation cooperate in nest-building, but not in brood care; living together
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Compound eye
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aggregation of ommatidia
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Cornicle
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tubular structure on each side of abdominal tip of Aphididae, from which alarm pheromones are released
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Costa
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first longitudinal vein of the wing ("costa" = "edge" or "coast")
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Coxa
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basal segment of the leg, which attaches the leg to the body ("coxa" = "hip")
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Crochets
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small, hook-like structures on the prolegs of Lepidoptera ("croche" = "hook")
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Crop
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dilated part of alimentary canal posterior to the esophagus, for storage of ingested food
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Cubitus
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longitudinal vein system of the wing behind the media ("cubitus" = "elbow")
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Cursorial
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adapted for running ("cursor" = "running messenger")
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Cuticle
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a secretion of the epidermis and covering the entire body and lining much of the foregut, hindgut , and tracheae ("cuticula" = "covering")
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Degree-day
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measurement of accumulated heat units incorporating both temperature above a threshold and length of time at that temperature
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Dicondylic
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a joint with two points of articulation ("condylus" = "knuckle")
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Direct flight muscles
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muscles that are attached to the base of the wing and move the wing by pulling on it
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Distal
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the part of an appendage or segment farthest from the body ("distal" = "distant")
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Diverticulum
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blind sac branching off a vessel or gut ("diverticulum" = "a side way")
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Ecdysone
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steroid hormone that stimulates moulting ("ekdusis" = "shedding")
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Eclosion
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emergence from the egg ("excludere" = "to hatch out")
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Economic injury level
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lowest pest density that will cause economic damage
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Economic threshold
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pest density at which control measures should be applied to prevent population from reaching economic injury level
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Ectognatha
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group within the Hexapoda, equivalent to Insecta, with ectognathous (exposed, not in a pouch) mouthparts
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Ejaculatory duct
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exit tube of male reproductive system
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Elaiosome
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fleshy protein- and lipid-rich structure on the seeds of some plants ("elaio" = "olive oil")
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Elateriform
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elongated, cylindrical larva with firm exoskeleton
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Elytron
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hardened forewing of Coleoptera (plural: elytra, "elytron" = "sheath")
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Empodium
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bristle between the claws of the pretarsus
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Endocuticle
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inner, flexible layer of chitin between the sclerotized exocuticle and the epidermis ("endo" = "inside", "cuticula" = "covering")
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Endoderm
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innermost embryonic tissue layer ("endo" = "inside", "derm" = "skin")
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Endopterygota
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group within the Neoptera including insects with wings that develop internally ["endo" = "inside", "pter" = "wing"]
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Entognatha
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group within the Hexapoda with mouthparts in pockets: Protura, Diplura, Collembola ["gnath" = "jaw"]
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Entomologist
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person who studies insects ["entomon" = "divided/partitioned"]
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Entomology
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the study of insects ["entomon" = "divided/partitioned"]
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Epicuticle
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thin, waxy, waterproof, outer layer of cuticle ("epi" = "upon", cuticula = "covering")
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Epidermis
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layer of integument one cell thick, which secretes the cuticle to the outside ("epi" = "upon", "derm" = "skin")
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Eruciform
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larva with a fleshy body, flexible cuticle and prolegs
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Esophagus
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part of the alimentary canal between pharynx and crop ("oes" = "carry", "phag" = "eat")
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Ethology
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the study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in natural environments
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Eusocial
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form of sociality including cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups
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Exarate
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pupa with legs and wings free from body, capable of limited movement ("exarare" = "to plow up")
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Exocuticle
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outer, sclerotized layer of cuticle ("exo" = "outer", "cuticula" = covering")
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Exopterygota
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group within the Neoptera including insects with wings that develop on the surface of the body ["exo" = "outside", "pter" = "wing"]
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Exoskeleton
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external skeleton composed of hardened cuticle with muscles attached to the inside ("exo" = outer", "skeletos" = "dried up" [referring to bones])
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Exuvia
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the cuticle left behind after an insect has moulted ("exuere" = "to take off")
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Facet
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surface of a single ommatidium in a compound eye ("facet" = "face")
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Facultative
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able to exist under more than one set of conditions
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Fat body
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masses of cells suspended in hemolymph that function in food storage and general metabolism
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Femur
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third segment of a leg, between the trochanter and tibia ("femor" = "thigh")
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Filter chamber
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in some Hemiptera, a part of the gut looped back on itself as a countercurrent exchanger, permitting nutrients to be separated from excess water
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Fixed action pattern
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instinctive behavioral sequence, relatively invariant within a species
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Foliophagous
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eating foliage
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Foregut
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portion of the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the end of the proventriculus
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Fossorial
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adapted for digging or burrowing ("fossor" = "digger")
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Frenulum
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wing coupling mechanism in some Lepidoptera, consisting of a hair or bristles at the front of the hind wing ("frenum" = "bridle")
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Frons
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sclerite of the insect head below the vertex and attached to the clypeus ("frons" = "front" or "forehead")
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Galea
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outer lobe of the maxilla, often hood- or scoop-shaped ("galea" = "helmet")
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Ganglion
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a dense mass of nerve cells used to control muscles or process sensory input for one or more segments ("ganglion" = something gathered into a ball")
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Gastric caecae
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finger-like sacs projecting from the midgut ("caecum" = "blind (gut)")
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Gena
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area of the insect head on each side below the compound eye ("gena" = "cheek")
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Genital chamber
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cavity or space into which the female reproductive system opens
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Geotaxis
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directed movement in response to gravity ("geo" = "earth", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Gregarious
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commonly found in aggregations
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Guild
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a group of species that exploit the same types of resources in similar ways
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Gustation
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taste; contact chemoreception ("gustus" = "taste")
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Habituation
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decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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Haltere
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in Diptera, modified hindwing to maintain stability in flight (halteres" = "weights held in the hand to give an impetus in leaping")
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Hamuli
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wing coupling mechanism in Hymenoptera, consisting of a row of hooks along the front margin of the hind wing ("hamus" = "hook")
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Haplodiploidy
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mode of sex determination in which males are derived from haploid eggs and females from dilpoid eggs
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Haustellate
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mouthparts adapted for sucking ("haust" = "draw")
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Head
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first, or anterior, region of the insect body
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Heart
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posterior portion of dorsal vessel, chambered, and with ostia
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Hemelytron
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front wing of Hemiptera, with basal portion thickened or leathery and apical portion membranous ("hemi" = "half", "elytron" = "sheath")
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Hemimetabolous
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development pattern in which aquatic immatures, or naiads, moult directly to terrestrial adults with no pupal stage
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Hemolymph
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circulatory fluid; blood ("hemo" = "blood, "lymph" = "water")
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Hermaphrodite
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individual with both ovaries and testes
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Heterogametic
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with a pair of dissimilar sex chromosomes
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Heterotroph
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organisms that obtain organic materials from their environment ("hetero" = "other", "troph" = "nourishment")
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Hexapoda
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superclass of Arthropoda including classes Entognatha and Insecta ["hexa" = "six", "pod" = "leg"]
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Hindgut
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portion of the alimentary canal extending from the midgut to the anus
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Holometabolous
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development pattern in which larvae moult first to a pupal stage, then to adults
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Homogametic
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with a pair of similar sex chromosomes
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Hydrostatic skeleton
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a skeletal (support) system that maintains its form due to the pressure of fluid inside the body cavity ("hydro" = "water", "static" = "balance")
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Hygroreception
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responding to changes in relative humidity ("hugros" = "wet")
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Hypermetamorphosis
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development pattern in which larval instars have quite different forms
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Hypognathous
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mouthparts directed ventrally ("hypo" = "under", "gnath" = jaw")
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Imaginal disc
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cluster of undifferentiated cells, programmed to develop into particular adult organs
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Imago
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adult, reproductively mature, insect ("imago" = "image")
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Indirect flight muscles
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dorsoventral muscles of the thorax that move the wings by compressing the thorax
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Innate
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inborn or instinctive
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Insect
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arthropod with 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), 6 legs, and usually 1 or 2 pairs of wings ["insectum" = "divided"/"partitioned"]
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Insight learning
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problem solving through cognitive processes, without trial and error or observation
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Instar
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stage between moults ("instar" = "form, likeness")
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Intestine
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portion of the hind gut extending from the midgut to the rectum
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Johnston's organ
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chordotonal organ in second antennal segment
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Jugum
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wing coupling mechanism consisting of a lobe at the base of the forewing ("jugum" = "yoke")
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Juvenile hormone
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(=JH) determines the life-stage to which an insect will moult, i.e. lots = immature; some = pupa; none=adult
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Kairomone
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a chemical emitted by an individual of one species that alters the behaviour of an individual of another species to the benefit of the receiver and the detriment of the emitter ("kairos" = "advantage, opportunity")
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Key factor analysis
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analysis of population data to identify factors most responsible for changes in population size
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Kinesis
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undirected movement in response to a stimulus
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Labium
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fused second maxillae, forming the floor of the mouth in mandibulate insects ("labium" = "lip")
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Labrum
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upper "lip" in front of the mouth, attached to the clypeus ("labrum" = "lip")
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Lacinia
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inner lobe of the maxilla, often toothed ("lacinia" = "ragged")
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Larva
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immature insect differing fundamentally in form from the adult
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Larviparous
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giving birth to larvae ("parete" = "to bring forth")
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Latent learning
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learning without apparent reinforcement
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Learning
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modification of behaviour as a result of experience
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Malpighian tubules
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long, thin, blind tubes arising from the junction of the midgut and hindgut ("Malpighian" = named after Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician, 1628-1694)
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Mandibles
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first pair of jaws ("mandibula" = "to chew")
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Mandibulate
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having opposable jaws ("mandibula" = "to chew")
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Mating disruption
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use of artificial stimuli to confuse individuals and disrupt mate localization and/or courtship
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Maxillae
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second pair of jaws (singular = maxilla; "maxilla" = "jaw")
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Media
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longitudinal vein system of the wing behind the radius ("media" = "middle")
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Mesenteron
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midgut
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Mesothorax
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second, or middle, thoracic segment bearing the middle legs and the forewings ("meso" = "middle", "thorax" = "chest")
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Metapopulation
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a group of spatially separated subpopulations, interconnected by dispersal
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Metathorax
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third thoracic segment bearing the hind legs and hind wings ("meta" = "after", "thorax" = "chest")
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Micropyle
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minute opening in the covering of an egg through which sperm enters ("micro" = "small", "pule" = "gate")
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Midgut
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middle region of alimentary canal, from the end of the proventriculus to the beginning of the intestine
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Monocondylic
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a joint with a single point of articulation ("condylus" = "knuckle")
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Monogynous
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only one reproductive female (queen) per colony
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Monophyletic
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a taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendents ["mono" = "single", "phyl" = tribe"]
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Morphology
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the study of the form and structure of a plant or animal or any of its parts ["morph" = "shape"]
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Mullerian body
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glycogen-rich structure on the leaves or stems of some plants
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Myiasis
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disease or injury caused by larval Diptera ("myia" = "fly")
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Natatorial
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adapted for swimming ("natator" = "swimmer")
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Nectar guide
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patches at the bases of flower petals that do not reflect ultraviolet light
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Neoptera
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group within the Pterygota including insects with wings that can be folded longitudinally at rest ["neo" = "new", "pter" = wing"]
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Nested hierarchy
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the system of ranks indicating the categorical level of various taxa; each taxon is nested (contained completely) within the next higher-ranked taxon
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Nomenclature
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a system of names, with rules for their formation and use
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Notum
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tergite of a thoracic segment ("noton" = "the back")
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Nymphiparous
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giving birth to nymphs ("parete" = "to bring forth")
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Obligate
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restricted to a particular function or mode of life
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Obtect
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pupa with wings and legs fused to the body ("obtectus" = "cover over")
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Ocellus
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simple eye consisting od=f a single lens ("ocellus" = "small eye")
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Olfaction
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perception of airborne chemicals ("olere" = "to smell")
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Ommatidium
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one of the single eyes forming the compound eyes ("omma" = "small eye")
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Open circulatory system
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blood is not always confined to vessels, but directly bathes body tissues and cells
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Operant conditioning
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learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior increases or decreases in response to reinforcement
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Opisthognathous
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mouthparts directed ventrally and posteriorly ("opisthen" = "behind", "gnath" = jaw")
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Optic lobe
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lateral lobes of the brain with neves supplying the compound eyes ("optos" = "seen")
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Ostia
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small opening in the heart through which hemolymph re-enters the heart from the body cavity (singular: ostium; "ostium" = "door")
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Ovariole
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tube in ovary where oogenesis occurs ("ovum" = "egg")
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Ovary
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female gonad ("ovum" = "egg")
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Oviparous
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reproducing by female laying eggs
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Ovipositor
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organ for depositing eggs
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Ovoviviparous
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producing live young by hatching egg within mother
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Paedogenesis
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reproduction by (apparently) immature insects ("paedo" = "child", "gen" = "origin")
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Paleoptera
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group within the Pterygota including insects with wings that cannot be folded longitudinally at rest ["paleo" = ancient", "pter" = "wing"]
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Palp
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paired, segmented, finger-like sensory structures attached to the maxillae and labium ("palpus" = "feeler")
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Parainsecta
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a paraphyletic group consisting of the Protura and Collembola ["para" = "beside" or "near"]
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Paranotal processes
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lateral lobes of the pronotum
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Paraphyletic
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a taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and only some (not all) of its descendants ["para" = "beside" or "near", "phyl" = tribe"]
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Parasitoid
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internal or external parasite that slowly kills the host, usually near the end of the host's development stage
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Parthenogenesis
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egg development without fertilization ("parthenos" = "virgin", "gen" = "origin")
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Paurometabolous
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metamorphosis in which changes in form are gradual or inconspicuous ("pauros" = "small")
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Peristalsis
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wave-like muscle contractions ("peri" = "around", "stallein" = "to place")
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Pest
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any organism that interferes with human activities, resources, or values
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Pharynx
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part of the foregut between the mouth and the esophagus ("pharynx" = "throat")
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Pheromone
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a chemical emitted by an individual of a species that alters the behaviour of an individual of the same species to the benefit of both the receiver and the emitter ("pherein" = convey (information)")
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Phloeophagous
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eating phloem tissue or sap
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Phonotaxis
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directed movement in response to vibrations, e.g. sound ("phono" = "sound", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Phototaxis
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directed movement in response to light ("photo" = "light", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Pleurite
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a lateral sclerite ("pleur" = "side")
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Polydomous
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single colony with multiple, cooperating nests
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Polygynous
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more than one reproductive female (queen) per colony
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Polyphyletic
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a taxonomic group derived from two or more ancestral sources (i.e. not including the common ancestor of its members) ["poly" = "many", "phyl" = tribe"]
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Population
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group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area at the same time, and tending to interbreed
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Presocial
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any form of sociality lacking one or more of the characteristics of eusociality
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Pretarsus
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last, most distal segemnt of leg ("pre" = "before", "tarsos" = "flat of the foot")
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Proctodaeum
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hindgut ("procto" = "rectum" or "anus", "daeum" = "on the way")
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Prognathous
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mouthparts directed forwards ("pro" = "before" or "ahead", "gnath" = jaw")
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Prolegs
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a process/appendage that serves the purpose of a leg, but is not homologous with a leg
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Pronotum
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upper, dorsal plate of the prothorax ("noton" = "back")
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Pronymph
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early, almost embryonic, nymphal stage in some orders
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Proprioception
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sensing pressure ("proprios" = "own")
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Prothorax
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first thoracic segment bearing the forelegs but no wings ("pro" = "before", "thorax" = "chest")
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Proventriculus
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posterior part of the foregut, between the crop and the midgut ("pro" = "before", "ventriculus" = "small belly")
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Proximal
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the part of an appendage or segment closest to the body ("proximus" = "nearest")
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Pterygota
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subclass of Insecta including winged (or secondarily wingless) insects ["pter" = "wing"]
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Pulvilli
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bladder-like structures associated with the tarsal claws (singular: pulvillus; "pulvillus" = "little cushion")
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Pupa
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intermediate stage between larva and adult
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Pupiparous
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giving birth to larvae that are ready to pupate ("parete" = "to bring forth")
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Pyrophilous
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growing or living in/on burned substrates ("pyr" = "fire", "philos" = "loving")
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Quasisocial
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form of sociality in which members of the same generation cooperate in nest-building and in brood care
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Radius
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longitudinal vein system of the wing, behind the subcosta ("radius" = "spoke" or "ray")
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Raptorial
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adapted for grabbing prey ("raptor" = "plunderer")
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Rectum
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posterior portion of hindgut ("rectum" = "straight (intestine)")
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Resilin
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rubber-like protein found in flexible areas of exoskeleton ("resilire" = "recoil")
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Rhabdom
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light sensitive cells in an ommatidium ("rhabdos" = "rod")
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Saltatorial
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adapted for jumping ("saltare" = "I dance" or "I jump")
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Saproxylic
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growing or living in/on dead wood ("sapros" = "putrid", "xylo" = "wood")
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Scarabaeiform
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larva with a curved, fleshy abdomen and limited mobility
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Sclerite
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a plate of the body wall bounded by membranes or sutures ("skleros" = "hard")
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Sclerotin
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insoluble protein in cuticle that is hardened and darkened by linkages with quinones, and cross-links chitin molecules ("skleros" = "hard")
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Sclerotization
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hardening of the cuticle by development of cross-linkages of chitin, sclerotin and quinones ("skleros" = "hard")
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Semiochemical
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a chemical produced by an organism that incites a response in another organism ("semeion" = "sign")
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Semisocial
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form of sociality in which members of the same generation cooperate in nest-building and in brood care, and there is a reproductive division of labour
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Sensilla trichodeum
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hairlike, articulated projection of the cuticle functioning as a sense organ ("tricho" = "hairy" or "hair-like")
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Sensillum
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a simple sense organ; plural sensilla
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Sequestration
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to trap, isolate, or store a chemical ("sequestrae" = "commit for safekeeping")
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Sericulture
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commercial raising of silkworms, Bombyx mori, for production of silk ("sericum" = "silk")
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Solitary
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occurring singly (or in pairs solely for mating), not in colonies
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Sperm tubes
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follicles in testes where spermatogenesis occurs
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Spermatheca
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receptacle in female for sperm
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Spiracle
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external opening of the tracheal system ("spirare" = "breathe")
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Stemmata
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lateral, simple eyes clustered on the heads of many holometabolous larvae; singular stemma ("stemma" = "wreath")
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Sternite
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a ventral sclerite
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Stomodaeum
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foregut ("stomo" = "mouth", "daeum" = "on the way")
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Stomodeal valve
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funnel-shaped valve at the posterior end of the foregut ("stoma" = "mouth")
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Subcosta
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longitudinal wing vein behind the costa
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Subgenital plate
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sclerite below the reproductive organs ("sub" = "under", "genitus" = "beget")
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Subgenual organ
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chordotonal organ at the base of the tibia that is sensitive to vibrations ("genu" = "knee")
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Subimago
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in Ephemeroptera, the winged stage immediately preceding the adult
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Subsocial
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form of sociality in which individuals exhibit brood care
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Superorganism
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colony exhibiting organization analogous to the physiological properties of a single organism
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Suture
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groove marking line between two sclerites ("sutura" = "sew")
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Synchronous flight muscles
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flight muscles that contract only once in response to a single nerve impulse
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Synomone
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a chemical emitted by an individual of one species that alters the behaviour of an individual of another species to the benefit of both the emitter and the receiver ("syn" = "with")
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Systematics
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the study of biological classification
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Tagma
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a group of segments forming a specialized region of the body (plural: tagmata; "tagma" = "something ordered or arranged")
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Tapetum
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reflective layer at the back of the ommatidia of some nocturnal insects ("tapete" = "carpet")
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Tarsus
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leg segments distal to the tibia ("tarsos" = "flat of the foot")
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Taxis
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directed movement in response to a stimulus ("taxis" = "arrangement")
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Taxonomy
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the theory and practice of classifying organisms ["taxis" = "arrangement"]
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Tenent hairs
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adhesive setae on the underside of the tarsi ("tenent" = "they hold")
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Tergite
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a dorsal sclerite
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Testes
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male gonad
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Thermotaxis
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directed movement in response to temperature ("thermo" = "heat", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Thigmotaxis
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directed movement in response to contact ("thigma" = "touch", "taxis" = "arrangement")
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Thorax
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middle region of the insect body ("thorax" = "chest")
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Tibia
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fourth segment of the leg between femur and tarsus ("tibia" = "shin")
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Trachea
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spirally reinforced, internal, elastic respiratory tube ("trakheia" = "rough artery")
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Tracheoles
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fine tube arising from a trachea as it penetrates the body (tracheole" = "small trachea")
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Trichoid sensilla
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as for sensillum trichodeum
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Trichome
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small hair or outgrowth from the epidermis of a plant ("tricho" = "hair")
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Triungulin
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active, first instar larva of an insect that undergoes hypermetamorphosis
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Trochanter
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second segment of the leg, between the coxa and the femur ("trekhein" = "to run")
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Trophallaxis
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transfer of food and/or fluids between individuals ("tropho" = "nourishment", "allaxis" = "exchange")
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Tympanum
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organ sensitive to vibrations ("tumpanon" = "drum")
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Uric acid
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main product of nitrogen excretion ("uric" = "found in urine")
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Urticating
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producing itching or irritation ("urtica" = "sting")
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Vas deferens
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duct carrying sperm from vas efferens to ejaculatory duct
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Vas efferens
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duct carrying sperm from sperm tube to vas deferens
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Vector
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an organism that transports a parasite or pathogen to a different host species
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Ventral nerve cord
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chain of ventral ganglia running the length of the body
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Ventriculus
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midgut ("ventriculus" = "small belly")
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Vermiform
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worm-shaped
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Vertex
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top of the head ("vertex" = "crown of a head")
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Vulva
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external opening of the genital chamber
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Wolbachia
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bacterial genus that can influence sex ratios in infected insects
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Xylophagous
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eating wood
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