Entomology

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_?_% of world's _?_ major crop plants are insect pollinated

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80%
94

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insect eat __?__% of total leaf area in tropical forests compared to __?__% eatin by vertebrate herbivores

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12-15%
2-3%

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name of insect species that devours whole forests

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southern pine beetle
mountain pine beetle

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name of most ecologically important insect in forest ecosystems
(also carry dutch elm disease)

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bark beetles

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insects that breakdown dead remains

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carrion beetles (sliphidae)

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number of described species of insects

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950,000
or 1 million

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_?_% described species are insects

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50

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_?_% described animals are insects

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75

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___ insect species are unnamed

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80 million

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religious symbols in Egypt (2)

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scarab beetle - sun god khepri

wasp

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founder of entomology

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Aristotle

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america's first native entomologist

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william peck

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father of american entomology

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thomas say

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first federal entomologist

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townend glover

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first state entomologist for New York

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asa fitch

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first state entomologist for Missouri

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C.V. Riley

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second federal entomologist

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C.V. Riley

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MU department of Entomology established when? where?

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1895
Whitten Hall

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Kingdom

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Animalia

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Phylum

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Arthropoda

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Subphylum (3)

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Chelicerata
Crustacea
Hexapoda

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Hexapoda
Class's (3)

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Diplopoda
Chilopoda
Insecta

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Class diplopoda

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millipedes

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class chilopoda

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centipedes

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characteristics of arthropods
(milli/centi-pedes & insects)

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segmented body
specialized body regions
paired segmented appendages
bilateral symmetry
exoskeleton

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insect characteristics
(other than arthropod ones)

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wings
mouthparts (2)
compound eyes
metamorphosis
tubular alimentary canal
open circulatory system
dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord

respiration by tracheae

sexes separate: oviparous reproduction (egg laying)

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mandibulate

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mouthpart
chewing

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haustellate

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mouthpart
suctorial

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sclerite

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a plate on the body wall
see pic

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suture

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an external groove that may show the fusion of two plates
see pic

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apodeme

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an ingrowth of the exoskeleton that provides internal support and muscle attachment
see pic

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conjunctiva

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soft,flexible cuticle (arthrodial membrane)
*in honey pot ants - the part that stretches*

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characteristics of exoskeleton

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sclerites,sutures,apodemes

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components of exoskeleton

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chitin
proteins

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chitin

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repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine

up to 60% of total dry weight of cuticle

microfibrils of chitin embedded in protein matrix
-orientation different
at successive levels

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exoskeleton proteins

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sclerotin
resilin

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sclerotin

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causes hardening and darkening of cuticle

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resilin

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coiled chains function as mechanical spring, found in flexible cuticle (wing hinges)

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layers of exoskeleton

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epicuticle
procuticle

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epicuticle

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thin layer, no chitin

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procuticle

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thick layer, chitin present

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epicuticle layers

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cement layer
wax layer

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cement layer of epicuticle

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protects wax layer from being scratched or lost by absorption onto foreign objects

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wax layer of epicuticle

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prevents loss of water and important in resistance of invasion by pathogens

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procuticle layers

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exocuticle
endocuticle

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exocuticle layer of procuticle

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sclerotized portion
cuticular proteins
cross-linked

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endocuticle layer of procuticle

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undifferentiated portion
cuticular proteins not
cross-linked

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stages of molting

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apolysis
new epicuticle formed
old endocuticle reabsorbed
and new procuticle formed
old cuticle sparates at lines
of weakness
ecdysis
new cuticle straightened
and procuticle
diffrentiates into exo-endo

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apolysis

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epidermal cells divide, cuticle and epidermis separate

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ecdysis

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excape from old cuticle

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exuvium

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the shed cuticle exoskeleton

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sclerotization

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the hardening of the cuticle as a result of cross-linking of protein chains

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hypothetical evolution of head

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worm-like 18 body segments
paired segmented appendages
segments 1-4 or 6 became head
w/mouthparts

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sonsory structures

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antennae
ocelli (small hole b/n both)
compound eye

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main regions of cranium

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vertex - top
frons-upper anterior portion
gena-lateral portion
clypeus-lower anterior portion
postgena-lower posterior part
postocciput-narrow rim
occiput-upper posterior part

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tentorium
(posterior and anterior)

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cuticular invaginations forming internal ridges and arms (apodemes) in the head

provides many points of attachment and helps maintain rigidity of head capsule

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components of mouthparts

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labrum-upper lip
mandibles-jaws
maxillae-accessory jaws
labium-lower lip
hypopharynx-tongue (on labium)

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mouthpart types

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mandibulate
haustellate

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mandibulate

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adapted for chewing solid food

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haustellate

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adapted for sucking liquid food

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mouthpart orientation

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hypognathous-points down
opisthognathous-points back
prognathous-points forward

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moutpart modifications

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chewing: least specialized
caterpillar,cockroach
chewing-lapping: tongue
honey bee
cutting-sponging:daggers
horse fly
sponging:labellum lobe
house fly
piercing-sucking:needle/sheath
siphoning:proboscis

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antennal divisions

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(head outward)
scape
pedicel
flagellum

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antennal modifications

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plumose: male mosquito
aristate: fly
monlliform: termite
geniculate: ant
bipectinate: male moth

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evolution stages of thorax

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seg 5-7
appendages became locomotory organs

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segments of thorax

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prothorax: legs
pterothorax: meso and meta
legs and wings

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structure of thorax

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notum: top
pleuron: sides
sternum: bottom

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phragmata

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side pieces of mesothorax segment that connect the other segments

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leg segments

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coxa: hip
trochanter: hip joint
tarsus: fingers
tibia: shin
fimur: thigh

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leg modifications

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gressorial: walking
raptorial: seizing prey
cursorial: running
saltatorial: jumping
natatorial: swimming
prehensile: grasping hair
fossorial: moving thru soil

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mechanisms of flight

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direct
indirect

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direct flight

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muscles connected to wings
few primitive insects
dragonfly

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indirect flight

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no muscle-to-wing connection
muscle action deforms thorax for wing movement

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wing modifications

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elytra-hardened forewings
hemelytra-thick basal
membranous apical
true bugs
tegmina-thick leather forewing
haltere-stabilizing hind wings
deciduous-shed (ants termites)
brachypterous-reduction
apterous-wingless

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evolution of abdomen

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last 11 segments
appendages dissapear (not 8-11

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abdomen structure

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tergum: top
pleuron: sides
sternum: bottom

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pregenital segments

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1-7 no pairs

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genital segments

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8-9 modified for reproduction
conocoxite 8 and 9
valves
appendicular ovipositor
substitutional ovipositor
aedeagus

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appendicular ovipositor

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cricket
yellowjacket
katydid

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substitutional ovipositor

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composed of extensible abdominal segments

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aedeagus

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whole copulatory organ, for clasping female and insemination

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postgenital segments

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cerci
caudal filament

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cerci

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function as sensory structures for clasping or defense
cricket, cockroach, earwig

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abdomen modifications
(ants,bees,wasps)

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propdeum: first abdominal
segment fused w/ thorax
petiole: narrowed 2-3 segments
forming a "waist"
gaster: segments separated f
from propodeum by a
constriction, the petiole
prolegs: fleshy found on
abdomen of some caterpilrs

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alimentary system
tube w/in a tube

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hemocoel (main body cavity)
gut lumen

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regions of the gut

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foregut
midgut
hindgut

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parts of the foregut

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preoral cavity: chewed/saliva
pharynx: uptake
cibarium: muscular pump
esophagus: conducts to crop
crop: temp storage/digestion
proventriculus: teeth/strain

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parts of midgut

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ventriculus: stomach
gastric caeca: up surface area
peritrophic mem: chitin
covered food bolus
protects midgut

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parts of hindgut

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pyloric valve: pass to intestn
malpighian tub: excretion
and osmoregulation
intestine: h2o absorption
rectum: reabsorption

Front 90

function of salivary glands

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moisten moutparts
adjust pH and ionic
some digestive enzymes
and anticoagulants
secrete milk in some species

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fat body tissue

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lie in hemocoel
metabolic processes
temp storage of nitro waste
contain symbiotic microorgs

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respiratory system

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spiracles: external opens
10 pair: 2 thor, 8 abd

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parts of spiracle

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peritreme
filter apparatus
atrial lips
atrium
valve
trachea

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tracheal tubes origin distribution

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internal air-filled tubes
that branch and ramify
through body
origin: ectodermal w/cuticulr
lining
dorsal,ventral,visceral,
and lateral branches

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tracheal tubes (parts)

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taenidia: ridges thicknings
prevent collapse
tracheoles: small branches
deep into tissue
air sacs: dilated or enlarged
decrease weight to fly

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diffusion gas exchange

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movement of gases throughout the trachael system via partial pressure
concentration gradient

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tidal flow

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air flows in and out of each spiracle

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ventilation gas exchange

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the active movement of air via rhythmic compression and expansion of the tracheal system

unidirectional air flow
inspir: ant open,post close
expir: ant clos,post open

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open tracheal system

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spiracles present
tracheae open to exterior
terrestrial and aquatic speces

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closed tracheal system

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spiracles absent
tracheae form an internal ntwk
gas exchange via cutaneous dif
some aquatic,many enodparasit
larvae

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aquatic insects

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oxygen from air:
siphon, compressible gills
oxygen by water:
tracheal gills, plastron,
cutaneous diffusion
oxygen from plants

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siphon

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in aquatic insects
a tubular external process that serves in gas exchange

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compressibe gills

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bubble of air carried underwtr
spiracles open into bubble
needs to be replenished

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tracheal gills

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tracheated cuticular extensions from the body

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plastron

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permanent thin film of air
no replenishment needed
dense hydrophobic hairs
continuous w/ spiracles
acts as a gill (not air store)
usually found sedentary speces