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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Notum
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Dorsal thoracic sclerite
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Pleuron
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Lateral thoracic sclerite
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Sternum
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Ventral thoracic or abdominal sclerite
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Tergum
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Dorsal abdominal sclerite
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Pleural membrane
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Lateral abdominal sclerite
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Primitively, how many segments are in the insect head?
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6
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Primitively, how many segments are in the insect thorax?
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3
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Primitively, how many segments are in the insect abdomen?
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11
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What are the segments of the head?
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1. Labral
2. Antennal 3. Intercalary 4. Mandibular 5. Maxillary 6. Labial |
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What are the sclerites of the head?
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Frons, cylepus, abrum, gena, vertex (internal: sulci and tentorum).
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What are the parts of the antenna?
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Scape, pedicel and flagellum.
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What are the names of the mouthparts?
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Mandibles, maxillae, labium, labrum and hypopharynx.
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What is the Lepidopteran proboscis derived from?
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The galeae.
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What is the sucking muscle in the insect mouth?
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The cibarium.
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The stylets and sheath of piercing/sucking mouthparts are derived form these structures.
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The mandibles and maxillae, and the labium, respectively.
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What are the three thoracic segments?
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Prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax (anterior to posterior).
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Which thoracic segment lacks wings?
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The prothorax
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What are the parts of the thoracic pleuron?
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Episternum (anterior) and epimeron (posterior)
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What divides the episternum from the epimeron?
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The pleural suture.
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What are the six wing nerves?
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Costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus and anal.
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What two structures are joined by the pleural suture?
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The wing and leg sockets.
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What are the parts of the leg?
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Costa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and pretarsus.
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Which pair of water-strider legs does the rowing?
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The midlegs
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What characterizes paleopterous insects?
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Inability to fold the wings and direct, synchronous flight muscles.
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What characterizes the flight of neopterous insects?
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Wings fold when not in use, flight muscles are indirect and generally asynchronous.
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Which wing process is controlled by the subalare muscles?
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Supination
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Which wing process is controlled by baselare muscles
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Pronation
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What aerodynamic processes are at work in small insect flight?
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Wake recapture and rotational circulation
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What aerodynamic processes are at work in large insect flight?
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Delayed stall and leading-edge vortex.
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Which insect orders achieve the greatest wingbeat frequencies?
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Diptera and Hymenoptera
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What organ monitors antennal vibration?
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Johnson's organ
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Which organs are involved in navigation in insect flight?
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Compound eyes, ocelli, Johnson's organ and (in flies) the Halteres
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Which gut segment is mesodermal in origin?
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The midgut
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Which segments of the insect foregut are not found in humans?
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The crop and proventriculus
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What is the function of the gastric cecae?
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To increase surface area for digestion
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The Malpighian tubules have a similar function to which vertebrate organ?
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The kidney
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What is the function of the Hemipteran filter chamber?
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To shunt water to the hindgut and concentrate food in the midgut
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Terrestrial insects generally excrete this nitrogenous waste product.
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Uric acid
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Aquatic insects generally excrete this nitrogenous waste product.
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Ammonia
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The fat body has a similar function to this vertebrate organ
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The liver
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What is the major blood sugar in insects?
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Trehalose
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What are the opening to the dorsal vessel called?
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Ostia
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Which muscles are primarily responsible for haemolymph flow?
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Alary muscles
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What are the three parts of the insect brain?
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The protocerebrum, the deutocerebrum and the tritocerebrum.
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What is the function of the protocerebrum?
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Receive visual information and control complex behaviours.
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What is the function of the deutocerebrum?
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Receive antennal impulses.
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What is the function of the tritocerebrum?
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To receive sensory information from the rest of the head, including the labrum.
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Which parts of the insect nervous system are typically targeted by pesticides?
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Sodium channels and acetylcholinesterases.
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What are the parts of the trichoid sensillum?
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Tormogen cell, trichogen cell and sensory neuron.
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What are the three types of eyes found in insects?
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Ocelli, compound eyes and stemmata.
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What is the function of the rhabdom?
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Carries visual pigment in the eye.
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What is the difference between an ocellus and a stemma?
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The ocellus has a well-developed retina, while the stemma has only a few retinula cells.
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What is the unit of the compound eye?
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The omatidium.
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Are apposition eyes adapted for light or dark?
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Light.
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Are superposition eyes adapted for light or dark?
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Dark.
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What is the main difference between light- dark-adapted eyes?
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The length of the crystaline tract or secondary sheath between the lens and the retinula.
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What are crepuscular eyes?
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Those that can switch from high- to low-light conditions via migrating secondary sheath cells.
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Is the insect colour spectrum shifted to shorter or longer wavelengths compared to the mammal spectrum?
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Shorter
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Who first demonstrated colour vision in bees?
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Karl von Frisch
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What allows insects to detect the polarization of light?
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Alignment of ommatidia and the microvillar organization of the rhabdome.
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What are the two parts of the ovarium and their functions?
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The germarium (which contains the oogonia) and the vitalarium (in which the oogonia accumulate yolk).
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When does meiosis take place in the oogonia?
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After sperm penetration.
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What are androconia?
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Specialized sex-phermone secreting patches on the wings of male Lepidopterans.
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What is the viteline membrane?
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The yolk of an insect's egg.
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What is the chorion?
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The wax layer of an insect egg.
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What are the three kinds of hole in an insect egg?
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The micropyle, the aeropyle and the hydropyle.
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What is the germ anlage?
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A collection of cells that forms in the stages before blastulization and gastrulation.
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What stimulates the release of molting hormone?
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PTTH
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What is apolysis?
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The separation of the epidermis from the cuticle.
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What is the function of eclosion hormone in molting?
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To trigger the release of ecdysis hormone and related molecules.
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What is the function of bursicon?
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It causes sclerotization.
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What structure releases juvenile hormone?
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The corpus allatum.
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What structure releases PTTH?
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The corpus cardiacum.
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What is the only molting hormone dispersed solely through the haemolymph?
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JH
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What hormone is responsible for triggering the corpora allata and cardiaca?
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Allatotropin
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What would be the effect of removing the copora allata from newly hatched caterpillar?
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It would immediately pupate.
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What group of insects undergo ametabolous development?
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Apterygotes
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What is the distinction between hemimetabolous and holometabolous development?
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The lack of a pupal stage in the former.
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What is an imaginal disc?
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A group of cells in the immature stages of a holometabolous insect which eventually develop into the adult structures, such as the wings.
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What is the term for the last juvenile instar in a holometabolous insect?
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The pupa.
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How do you determine whether diapause is facultative or obligatory?
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In facultative diapuase, the species may have a variable mating cycle.
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