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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first distant ancestors
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trilobites and horseshoe crabs
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first insect fossils
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tiny, wingless, soft bodied ones. More familiar dragonfly relatives 250-280 M years ago
Most modern insect relatives present before Jurassic Many of today's insects present in mid Tertiary |
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Aristotle
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384-322 bc- father of zoology
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Theophrastus
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380-287 bc- first catalog insect crop pests
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Pliny the Elder
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23-79 Historia Naturales Book 11 (all living things)
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Johann Sperling
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Zoologia physica 1661
"After all, we know at least 40 species of beetles, 50 of caterpillars, 70 of flies and over 100 butterflies." |
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John Ray
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11627-1705- Historia insectorum
The number of insect species must be in the region of 10,000 |
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Carl von Linne
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Systema Naturae 10th ed 1758- binomial system of nomenclature
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Insect population
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Outnumber everything else
Almost 2/3 of all living species are arthropods More than 1/2 of all identified living species are insects over 1,000,000 identified about 200,000,000 per human |
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Kingdom Animalia
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Phylum Arthropoda (jointed foot)
1) Exoskeleton, segmented body, jointed appendages 2) bilateral symmetry |
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Crustacea
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crabs, lobsters etc.
many w/ 2 body regions, 10 legs, 4 antannae, aquatic |
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Chilopoda
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centipedes, many body segments, 2 legs/segment, 2 antannae, fans
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Diplopoda
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millipedes, many body segments, 4 legs/segment, 2 antannae, round
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arachnida
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spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites. Many w/ 2 body regions, 8 legs, no antannae, pedipalps
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adult insects
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3 body regions, 6 legs, 2 antannae. 0, 2 or 4 wings
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King phillip cried oh for goodness sakes
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KINGDOM
PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES |
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head
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center for sensing and eating
fusion of 6 segments into a hard capsule appendages modified to form mouthparts |
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eyes
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mosiac of hexagons or facets
can see colors, not red but can see ultraviolet which we cant see simply eyes- ocelli (single facet, mostly sense light intensity) |
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antannae
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smell, tell them apaprt by their scape, pedicel and flagellum
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mouth
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chewing, rasping, piercing, sponging, chewing, siphoning (crazy straw)
some adults don't eat, only mate vestigal- non funtional mouth parts |
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exoskeleton
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suit of armor, tough but light.
does not stretch covers entire outer body surface and some inner |
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basement membrane
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separates inside from outside
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epidermis
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layer of cells determines cuticle characteristics
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endocuticle
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bottom layer, soft and fexible, protein and chitin (bend not stretch)
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exocuticle
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middle layer, hard and rigid, tanned- protein+chitin+phenolics= sclerotin (structure, security)
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epicuticle
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top layer, waterproofing. protein+wax+cement
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resilin
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rubbery protein, hinges and levers
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most abundant biogenetic chem on earth
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cellulose
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thorax
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center for logomotion
3 segments: prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax |
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legs
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magic 6 for adult insects
one pair per segment tripod for stability |
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wings
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unique among all invertebrates
never on the prothorax, almost always on meso texture varies from clear membrane to protective leather, to part leather part clear (hemelytra), to hard protective cover (elytra) |
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abdomen
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center for digestion, reproduction, ciculation, excretion
consists of 11 to 6 segments, usually quite flexible only a few appendages (cerci, styli, filaments, gills) also aedeagus and claspers or ovipositor (only females sting) |
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trachael system
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a complex network of silvery air tubes that lead from the spiracles on the body surface to practically all cells of the body.
this is how oxygen gets to the tissues. every living cell has direct contact 2/ outside world (unlike humans). Made of cuticle. |
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aquatic adaptations
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obtain oxygen in 3 different ways:
- air tubes - bubbles - gills |
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digestion
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three guts:
foregut: eats, breaks down food and lubricates it midgut: digest hindgut: excretes |
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waste
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frass: solids
honeydew: liquid |
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excretion
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malpighian tubules: blind tubes that open into junction of midgut and hindgut
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most common wastes
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uric acid: terrestrial insects, requires little water
ammonia- aquatic insects, toxic so requires more water |
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circulation
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we have closed circ system, insects have open.
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hemolymph
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insect blood, contains plasma and blood cells.
transports things and has internal defense against pathogens. |
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hemocoel
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blood cavity that surrounds all organs and bathes them in hemolymph
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dorsal vessel
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heart: takes in hemolymph, pumps it forward
aorta: conducts hemolymph through thorax to head |
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diaphragms
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channel the flow of hemolymph so that it is distributed throughout the body
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accessory hearts
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pump hemolymph into wings, legs, and other remote structures
our heart is ventrical and theirs is dorsal |
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fat body
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stores most chemical food
also serves to transform these chemicals into various products needed by the body irregularly shaped tissue found throughout the body, particularly in the abdomen |
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egg stage
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all insects start here
tiny but many shapes/colors deposited singly, in clumps or masses on in or near food chorion (protein) |
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immature stage
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mission- eat grow store
molting shedding replacing cuticle instars (when you molt) and pupae outheca: egg protector |
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adult stage
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ultimate molt, perfect instar
wings and sex disperse and have babies |
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metamorphosis
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change form/ shape
since an insect can change its shape only when it molts, the amount of meta. that occurs depends on what sort of new cuticle the epidermis produces. degree of meta. depends on teh amount of juvenile hormone circulating at the time the molting hormone is released. |
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ametabolous
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no metamorphosis, never any wings
egg-young- adult adults and young live and eat in the same environment |
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simple metamorphosis
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egg-nymph-adult
nymph similar to adult in looks, behavior, food but only adults winged and sexed |
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holometabolous
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complete metamorphosis
egg-larva-pupa-adult resting stage- pupa |
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endocrine system
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includes hormones- chemical messengers
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immature molt approaching
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1) brain receives info that the body should remain a nymph or larva at next molt
2) brain stimulates CA by nerves so that juvenile hormone is released 3) juvenile hormone (produced by corpus allatum CA) circulates in hemolymph, informing epidermis to produce numphal or larval cuticle when it receives molting hormone. |
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mature molt approaching
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1) brain receives info that body should transform into adult at next molt
2) brain does NOT stimulate CA, so no juvenile hormone is released 3) when epidermis receives molting hormone it produces adult cuticle and internal organs change, grow or disappear according to adult design. |
