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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Price trends for agricultural commodities |
d |
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crop yields |
d |
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components of the agricultural revolution |
d |
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agricultural subsidies |
d |
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global demand for meat and corn, etc. |
d |
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environmental costs |
d |
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deforestation |
d |
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biofuels |
d |
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mega cities |
d |
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rate of deforestation |
d |
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certification of sustainable wood products |
d |
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urban sprawl vs new urbanism |
d |
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sources of water for southern california: current and future sources, problems and solutions |
d |
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Hydroelectricity Pros (6)
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1. Renewable 2. Feasible to use other renewables 3. Guaranteed energy and price stability 4. Does not produce pollutants 5. High efficiency 6. Environmentally friendly with limitations (not friendly to fish, flooding from failure) |
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Hydroelectricity Cons (5) |
1 Relocation of people 2. Dam can hurt the water body ecosystems 3. Finding a location 4. may break and cause flooding 5. High upfront cost
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Geothermal Energy: define
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generated by heat stored beneath the earth's surface.
it can be found in the form of volcanoes, hot springs and geysers
used for heating, electricity generation and heat pumps
renewable energy source
supplies less than 10% of the world's energy
Most geothermal resources are near plat boundaries - especially in the Ring of Fire
makes up < 0.3% of our energy, but amount under 9 states could supply 20%
we produce the most, and most comes from norcal.
In Iceland: supplies 30% of their energy and 90% of heating for water and buildings
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Geothermal Pros )7)
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1. sustainable 2. environmentally friendly 3. reliable 4. renewable 5. cost effective 6. used to be limited to areas on tectonic plate boundaries, but now tech makes it more widely available. 7. no fueld needed except for pumps - so not dependent on fuel cost fluctations. |
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Geothermal Cons (2) |
1. drilling and exploration is expensive
2. may benefit from economies of scale if demand is geographically dense, but otherwise the piping installation is expensive. |
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ethanol. corn |
many cars can run on it now
emitts the same levels of co2 as carbon fuels.
renewable crob
can use recycled oil
boosts economy
reduces dependance on foreign oil
overall emits less pollution into the environment |
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enthanol cons |
1. still emits carbon and particulates.
2. take time and money to make: car mods, gas pumps, etc
3. enormous amount of crop land, water and energy needed to fuel current consumption
4. could cause food and water shortages
5. most is used to blend with fossil fuels to reduce emissions, price and improve octane
5. debates over food shortages have limited biofuel use in some countries |
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agriculatural revolution |
Revolution:
1. increased farming efficiency 2. farm numbers went from 6.8 million to 2.1 million 3. size increased 400% to 449 acres 4. farm jobs account for 15% of the US workforce 5. The US has frequently produced surpluses 6. Other industrialized nations have had this revoltuion. |
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Components of the agricultural revolution
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1. infrastructure: transformed agriculture 2. rural electrification 3. roads 4. university programs 5. markets 6. transportion 7. loans 8. extension programs 9. price and income support subsidies 10. subsidies favor corporate farms, not small farmers 11. Machinery: handles every need (work soil, seeding, irrigating, weeding, harvesting tractors, combiners, handlers, mowers, toppers 12. Farmers can cultivate more land 13. creates a dependency on fossil fuels 14. fertilizer: increases yields. 1 ton increases grain yields 15-20 tons 15. high food prices = high demand for fertz 16. most increases in china india brazil 17. Pesticides: control insect and plant pests. now many resistant 18. Irrigation 19. high yield plant varieties 20.
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slash and burn agriculture |
d |
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subsistance farming |
small plot of land, raise food for their family, not just poor countries |
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how much of world crops feed livestock |
25% |
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how much of us grain goes to livestock |
70% |
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concentrated animal feeding operations |
feedlots
mostly in developed countries
Environmental costs: manure runoff: fish death algal growth, pathogens. antibiotic use to stem disease caused by overcrowding. |
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rainforest and livestock |
58million acres converted to grazing land for cattle
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climate change effects of livestock |
100 million tons of co2 |
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Biofuel |
a renewable fuel made from ethanol and oil derived from |
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Ethanol |
made from corn (US) and sugar (Brazil)
30% of US corn is used for ethanol
food prices have risen because of it (and because of increased demand from emerging economies)
could be made from grasses and timber instead of corn.
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Food security: Family |
1. Employment security 2. adequet land and livestock 3. good health and nutrition 4. adequate housing 5. effective family planning 6. access to food |
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Food Security: National |
1. just land distribution 2. support of sustainable agriculture 3. effective family planning 4. promotion of market economy 5. avoidance of militaraization 6. effective safety net to provide food when needed |
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Food Security: Global |
1. food aid for famine relief 2. appropriate tech in deveopment of aid 3. aid for sustainable agriculture development 4. debt relief 5. fair trade 6. disarmament 7. family planning assistance |
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define hunger |
lack of basic food for energy and nutritional needs so the person cannot lead a normal healthy life |
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define malnutrition |
the lack of essential nutrients.
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define undernurishment |
the lack of food energy (calories) |
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overnurishment |
too many food calories
1/3 of americans are clinically obese |
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how much of the world's population lives in cities? |
over 50% |
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how much of world gdp do cities account for? |
80% |
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who has the most megacities? |
asia |
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where will most urban dwellers come from |
developing countries (non-western) |
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how many people live in slums worldwide |
1 billion |
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informal housing |
slums that surround urban areas |
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negative effects of slums |
1. residents victims of crime 2. disease |
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what makes a mega city |
10 million + people |
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define urban sprawl |
inefficiently dispursed rather than concentrated |
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define new urbanism |
promotes compact living and a more sustainable urban environment |
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define green urbanism |
walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with good public transportation |
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economies of scale for urban area |
it is less expensive to provide services to people in urban environments |
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city with most manufacturing jobs |
los angeles |
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how many people does the metropolitan water district of southern california serve |
19 million |
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how many people is california's water system designed to serv |
16 million, it actually serves 40 million |
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la water comes from |
the owens valley colorado river sacramento delta |
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solutions for la's water future |
1. wastewater recycling 2. rainfall capture 3. underground storage |
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desalinization |
high cost and energy |
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how much of la water usage is outside homes |
40% for sprinklers, pools, lawns, cars |
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how much wastewater does la reclaim? Isreal? |
us: 2% isreal: 80% |
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how much rainfall goes unused in la |
60% |
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water insecurity |
800 million people lack access to drinking water source
1.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation faciliites |
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define famine |
a severe shortage of food |
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Famine early warning systems |
1. FAO: The Food and Agricultural Organization 2. GIEWS: UN Global Information and Early Warning System 3. USAID: The US Agency for International Development 4. FEWS: Famine Early Warning Network |
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Who coordinates global food aid |
The World Food Program of the UN |
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How food aid can hurt |
1. local farmers can't sell what they grow 2. stop producing food 3. entire economy deteriorates |
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40% of all food in the US goes uneaten |
d |
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3 causes of food waste |
1. expiration date 2. over purchasing 3. doesn't look good |
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define keystone species |
a species that is critical to the way all species interrelate |
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define habitat fragmentation |
cutting up habitat with man made things like roads. changes migratory habits and species diversity |
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wilderness act of 1964 |
turns 50
designed to protect wilderness, but emphasised how that would also protect man
750 areas covering 110 million acres |
