Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What were the central concepts of the Enlightenment?
|
1. Reason
- Methods of Science should be used to examine and understand life. 2. Scientific method is used to discover laws of society and human nature. 3. Progress - Better societies and people can be created. |
|
|
What did Fontenelle write?
|
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, which is about two figures talking about astronomy.
Eulogies of Scientists, which contrasts views between various scientists and talks about reactionary priests. |
|
|
What did the destruction of religious wars cause people to do?
|
They began doubting absolute truth.
|
|
|
Who was the most famous skeptic?
|
Pierre Bayle
|
|
|
Who believed that humans are born with a blank slate?
|
John Locke
|
|
|
What did Pierre Bayle write?
|
Historical Critical Dictionary, which promotes the idea that truth is relative, not absolute.
|
|
|
What did the philosophes do?
|
They brought the light of knowledge during the Age of Enlightenment.
|
|
|
Who were the "public" and the "people"?
|
The "public" were the wealthy, well educated elite. The "people" were the common people.
|
|
|
What did John Locke believe that humans could gain ideas from?
|
Experience and environment
|
|
|
Why did the Enlightenment have its highest development in France?
|
1. It was wealthy and populous.
2. French is the universal language. 3. Censorship is weakened after Louis XIV. |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views on religion?
|
1. He is deist. God created us and then left.
2. Does not believe in organized religion 3. Against religious intolerance |
|
|
What did Madame du Chatelet do?
|
She spread the ideas of others.
|
|
|
Who edited the Encyclopedia?
|
Diderot and d'Alembert
|
|
|
What did Montesquieu write and what were they about?
|
1. The Persian Letters
- It made fun of European customs and traditions. 2. The Spirit of Laws - Comparitive study of several forms of government |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views of government?
|
1. A good monarch is the best form of government.
2. Does not trust the "people" 3. Does not believe in equality |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views on religion?
|
1. He is deist. God created us and then left.
2. Does not believe in organized religion 3. Against religious intolerance |
|
|
What did Madame du Chatelet do?
|
She spread the ideas of others.
|
|
|
Who edited the Encyclopedia?
|
Diderot and d'Alembert
|
|
|
What did Montesquieu write and what were they about?
|
1. The Persian Letters
- It made fun of European customs and traditions. 2. The Spirit of Laws - Comparitive study of several forms of government |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views of government?
|
1. A good monarch is the best form of government.
2. Does not trust the "people" 3. Does not believe in equality |
|
|
What does David Hume think of the human mind?
|
It is a bundle of ideas, which are built by senses.
|
|
|
How is the Later Enlightenment different than earlier?
|
1. Very dogmatic
2. Atheist 3. Disdain for progress and reason |
|
|
What did Condorcet write? What does it explain.
|
Progress of the Human Mind
- There are ten stages to perfection. |
|
|
Why was the Encyclopedia banned?
|
It talked about controversial topics.
|
|
|
What does D'Holbach believe in?
|
1. Humans are machines who are controlled by outside forces.
2. Free will and God are foolish ideas. |
|
|
Who believed that civilization corrupts an individual?
|
Rousseau
|
|
|
What does "under-the-cloak" mean?
|
It means smuggled and used for books that were being smuggled into France.
|
|
|
True or false? There was a decrease in books about art and science.
|
False
|
|
|
Who is Madame Geoffrin?
|
She was in charge of a famous salon and gave financial aid to the Encyclopedia.
|
|
|
What is the Social Contract based on and who wrote it?
|
It is based on general will and sovereignty.
Rousseau wrote it. |
|
|
What were the central concepts of the Enlightenment?
|
1. Reason
- Methods of Science should be used to examine and understand life. 2. Scientific method is used to discover laws of society and human nature. 3. Progress - Better societies and people can be created. |
|
|
What did Fontenelle write?
|
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, which is about two figures talking about astronomy.
Eulogies of Scientists, which contrasts views between various scientists and talks about reactionary priests. |
|
|
What did the destruction of religious wars cause people to do?
|
They began doubting absolute truth.
|
|
|
Who was the most famous skeptic?
|
Pierre Bayle
|
|
|
Who believed that humans are born with a blank slate?
|
John Locke
|
|
|
What did Pierre Bayle write?
|
Historical Critical Dictionary, which promotes the idea that truth is relative, not absolute.
|
|
|
What did the philosophes do?
|
They brought the light of knowledge during the Age of Enlightenment.
|
|
|
Who were the "public" and the "people"?
|
The "public" were the wealthy, well educated elite. The "people" were the common people.
|
|
|
What did John Locke believe that humans could gain ideas from?
|
Experience and environment
|
|
|
Why did the Enlightenment have its highest development in France?
|
1. It was wealthy and populous.
2. French is the universal language. 3. Censorship is weakened after Louis XIV. |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views on religion?
|
1. He is deist. God created us and then left.
2. Does not believe in organized religion 3. Against religious intolerance |
|
|
What did Madame du Chatelet do?
|
She spread the ideas of others.
|
|
|
Who edited the Encyclopedia?
|
Diderot and d'Alembert
|
|
|
What did Montesquieu write and what were they about?
|
1. The Persian Letters
- It made fun of European customs and traditions. 2. The Spirit of Laws - Comparitive study of several forms of government |
|
|
What were Voltaire's views of government?
|
1. A good monarch is the best form of government.
2. Does not trust the "people" 3. Does not believe in equality |
|
|
True or False? Condorcet influenced the Romantic Movement.
|
False. It was Rousseau. He was against the Enlightenment culture.
|
|
|
What humane policies did Frederick the Great do to strengthen the state?
|
1. Religious Tolerance
- excluded Jews 2. Established Schools 3. Laws simplified 4. Torture eliminated 5. Rebuilt agriculture and industries 6. No extravagant spending |
|
|
What were salons?
|
They were social and intellectual gatherings in which talented women spread Enlightenment ideas.
|
|
|
True or False? Immanual Kant called for freedom of the press.
|
True
|
|
|
What did Frederick the Great think about serfdom?
|
He did not like it but did nothing about it.
|
|
|
When was the War of Austrian Succession and what happened?
|
1740 to 1748
Prussia gained Silesia from Austria. |
|
|
What were Catherine the Great's goals?
|
1. Bring Western ideas back to Russia.
- Supported Voltaire - Patron of Encyclopedia 2. Domestic Reform -limit rel. tolerance, reduce torture, & improve education 3. Territorial Expansion |
|
|
Who were Frederick the Great's allies?
|
the nobility;
Specifically the Junker nobility |
|
|
What did Frederick the Great ignore in order to invade the riches of Maria Theresa?
|
Pragmatic Sanction
|
|
|
How did Catherine the Great take over?
|
She was in an arranged marriage with Peter III. She had her lover kill Peter III.
|
|
|
What were the sides of the Seven Years' War?
|
France, Austria, and Russia
vs. Britain and Prussia |
|
|
Who led the Cossack rebellion and what was the reason for it?
|
Emlian Pugachev
They wanted to abolish serfdom, taxes, and army service. |
|
|
What did Joseph II do that continued his mother's reforms?
|
1. Controlled the church to ensure that it made better citizens
2. Granted religioius tolerance and civic rights to Protestants and Jews 3. Abolished serfdom |
|
|
How did the Seven Years' War begin and end? What years did this war occur?
|
There was a goal to conquer and divide Prussia and it ended with Peter III calling off the attack.
1756 to 1763 |
|
|
How did Maria Theresa bring reform to make the state stronger?
|
1. Limited church power
2. Taxed the nobles and centralized bureaucracy 3. Reduced the power of the nobles over the serfs to improve agriculture |
|
|
Which ruler had many mistresses?
|
Louis XV
|
|
|
What was the Parlement of Paris made of?
|
Middle class who gained noble status
|
|
|
Which ruler wanted to be loved?
|
Louis XVI, very un-Machiavellian
|
|
|
Who did Louis XV appoint as his minister?
|
Rene de Maupeou
|
|
|
Who turned back the reform movements of Joseph II?
|
Leopold II
|
|
|
True or False? Voltaire defended royal absolutism.
|
True.
|
|
|
What did the duke of Orleans do?
|
He set a counterweight to absolute power.
|
|
|
What did Maupeou do in order to reinstate absolutism?
|
1. Abolished parlements
2. Taxed privileged groups |
|
|
What did Parlement of Paris do?
|
They evaluated royal decrees.
|
|
|
Which rulers thought that knowledge equaled power?
|
Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great (II)
|
