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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the enlightenment is also called_____
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the age of reason
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where did the enlightenment start?
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france
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what is the enlightenment
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an intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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salons and the enlightenment
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leading women in society invited distinguished thinkers into their houses to debate significant issues and emerging thoughts of leading intellectuals (philosophes) of europe
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what did women do during the enlightenment?
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they hosted a salon, served tea, and debated thoughts
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another word for "philosophers"
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philosophes
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john locke
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-people are born with a blank slate on which virtue must be engraved through education
-people have natural rights=life, liberty, and property, which government should protect -if government fails to protect the rights of the people, they can set up a new government (revolution) -government by the consent of the governed. |
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life, liberty, and property.
-who believed in this? -what has it been changed to nowadays? -why |
-john locke believed in this
-it has been changed to: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. -not "property" anymore because government has the power to take our property away |
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thomas hobbes
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-lived through the english civil war
-wrote The Leviathon -believed that all men were naturally selfish and wicked -government is a social contract with the people -to avoid chaos, people enter a social contract giving up rights in exchange for law and order -TALKED about a social contract |
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wrote The Leviathon
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Thomas Hobbes
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Montesquieu
-what did he write -founder of |
-wrote On the Spirit of the Laws
-it was a 20 year project about the study of law and constitutions -the founder of political science -society needs to contain many layers of structure -liberty requires the separation and balance of powers in government |
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Rousseau
-what did he write -what did he encourage -spoke of the.... |
-called for improving the education of children-let the child be a child
-encourage children to be independent and to think for themselves -wrote Emile, which describes a new method of education -wrote Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, which says that people are good by nature (it is the civilization that has spoiled us, therefore science, reason, and art do not better us) -also wrote Social Contract, which is very different from Hobbes (it is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government) -spoke of the general will of the people -his thinking was based more on emotion than reason and called for government of the people |
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Voltaire
-what book did he write -what did he attack -what should government be? |
-wrote Candide, which is his best known work
-it is a satire and makes fun of the concept that this could be the best of all possible worlds -he attacked the church for its corruption (he HATES intolerance) -said common people are incapable of ruling themselves -government should be conducted by an Enlightened monarch -in frequent trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and the government of France -serves 2 prison terms and is exiled from France -never stops fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech |
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"I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
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Voltaire
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Is Voltaire his real name?
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no. it is a pen name
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Diderot
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-edited the Encyclopedia (ideas expressed by humanitarians crying out against different justices)
-took him 30 years to compile it (35 volumes) -they helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenments |
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Mary Wollstonecraft
-what did she write |
-wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which argues for the education of women
-declares that women should have the same rights as men -urged women to enter the male dominated fields of medicine and politics |
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-Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
-what is he against |
-influential in criminal law reform in europe and North America
-argues against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice -people are entitled to a speedy trial -the degree of punishment shoulod be based on the seriousness of the crime -he is against the use of capital punishment (execution) |
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legacies of the noteworthy people of the Enlightenment
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-although not revolutionaries themselves, their ideas spawned revolutions
-belief in progress (human reason could solve social problems) -rise of a secular outlook (rid religious faith of intolerance and fear and promote a tolerance of all religions -IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL (use your own reason to judge what is right and wrong) -Adam smith adapts this to economic thought during the Industrial Revolution |
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father of capitalism
-who believed in |
Adam Smith
-Laissez Faire |
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Laissez faire
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government should keep their hands off their economic affairs
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Louis XIV
-nickname -achievements -weakness -called the_____ |
-"Sun King"
-created an absolute monarchy -made france very wealthy by raising taxes -called the Ideal King (because he never doubted his rights to be king) -failed to reform French Institutions |
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Philip II
-what religion -accomplishments -weakness |
-roman catholic
-entered Spain into the Holy League -inability to make decisions (especially in foreign policies) -bad a deligation -with held information from his allies |
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Maria Theresa
-who was she -accomplishments -weakness |
-arch dustchess of Austria
-Queen of Hungary and Bohemia -made education mandatory for children -unified currencies, weights, etc. -built the system of roadways -at one point had no money, army, or council |
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Peter the Great
-What did he rule -accomplishments -weakness |
-ruled the Russian Empire
-reformed Russia (modernized it) -fought Sweden without much success -didn't win many battles -killed those who rebelled against him (brutally) |
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Joseph II
-what did he want to accomplish? -accomplishments -weakness -he is considered as an___ |
-wanted to reduc the church's power
-considered as an enlightened monarch -abolished serfdom -put power of the church under the state -no religious persecution during his reign -had no child (heir) -not truly free to rule the way that he wanted until his mother died -some of his reforms not liked by the church |
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who were considered enlightened monarchs?
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Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II
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Elizabeth I
-daughter of____ -strengths and achievements -weaknesses |
-daughter of Henry VIII
-well educated -genuine love for studies -excellent judge of character -good listener -she was her own master (unmarried) -defeated spain which gave great power in Europe -Reestablished Protestant church -encouraged expansion -established 1st colony in North America -created the British East India Company -had a temper and took things personally -had trouble making important decisions -didn't have her own heir |
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Charles I
-strengths -weakness |
-always needed money because he was at war with Spain and France
-good linguist -deeply religious -love for art -had an excellent temper, courteous manners, and a lack of vices -enjoyed colorful church services (which offended people at court) -had favorites had court -locked members out of parliament because he had arguments with them -money troubles -didn't express decisions made to the parliament |
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Frederick the Great
-nickname -strengths/achievements -weaknesses |
-considered an Enlightened Monarch
-"Old Fritz" (nickname) -intrested in music and philosophy -educated as simple folk and not royal -remarkable general -expanded territory of Prussia -established Prussia as a major European power -ended torture and equaled social statuses -preferred French culture over German culture -didn't believe in divine right of kings -further weakened the Holy Roman Empire |
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Catherine the Great
-strenghts/achievements -weakness |
-considered an Enlightened Monarch
-married Grand Duke Peter, heir to Russian throne -sought to reform Russia -ruler most admired by the philosphes -well educated and read works of philsophes -commissioned to review Russia's laws and recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing tortures and capital punshment -expanded her empire to Poland (enlarged Russia) -did little to improve the life of the Russian peasants |
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Henry VIII
-makes england which religion? -starts_____ |
-makes England Protestant
-Tudor Dynasty -wants a divorce to first wife because he wants a male heir -had 6 wives total -started the anglican church -started the act of supremacy |
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Edward VI
-son of____ -mother is____ |
-son of Henry VIII
-mother is Jane seymour -in power at age 9 -died at age 16 because he was a sickly child |
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Mary
-daughter of_____ -mother is___ -her religion -nickname____ -how does she die |
-oldest daughter of Henry VIII
-mother is Catherine of Aragon -raised as a Catholic -started a bloody purge of 400+ Protestant clergy -nickname is "bloody mary" -dies of cancer |
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Elizabeth I
-daughter of____ -mother is____ -religion? -nickname -defeats______ -faced threats from cousin____ |
-2nd daughter of Henry VIII
-mother is Anne Boleyn -restores Protestantism -nickname is "Good Queen Bess" -hostile to spain -she defeats the spanish armada -faced threats of cousin Mar, Queen of Scots and imprisoned her in the Tower of London -had money problems -she is trying to build the american empire -dies with no heirs |
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James I
-starts the_____dynasy -believed in_____ -religion? |
-starts the Stuart Dynasty
-ruler of Elizabeth I -did nont like the parliament system -believed in Divine right of Kings -was catholic |
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Henry II
-dies and leaves___young sons -real power is with_____ -his wife rules as____ -what did his wife try to do |
-leaves 4 young sons
-only 3 ever rule -real power is with his wife, Catherine de' Medici -she ruled as regent -tried to preserve royal authority |
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French Calvinists are called
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Huguenots
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When Protestants and Catholoics fight civil war, how many religious wars are fough?
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eight
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St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
-how long was it -when does it start -who dies? how many? |
-6 weeks nationwide slaughter of Huguenots
-starts at marriage of Henry of Navarre and Catherine's daughter -At least 10,000 Huguenots die |
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Henry IV
-what throne does he inherit? -what does he do to end the fighting in france? -he issues_______ -tries to rebuild___ -how was he killed |
-he inherits the throne of France
-becomes a catholic to end fighting -issues Edict of Nantes (granting Protestants religious toleration) -tries to rebuild France and monarchy -stabbed to death |
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who issues the Edict of Nants
-what does it say |
-Henry IV
-grants Protestants religious toleration |
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Louis XIII
-son of____ -mother is____ -during his reign the huguenots____ -since he was a weak/strong king, he appoints a weak/strong minister -he appoints_____ |
-song of Henry IV
-mother is Marie de' Medici -huguenots seem ready to rebel -he was a weak king and appoints a strong minister -appoints Cardinal Richelieu |
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Cardinal Richelieu
-who's minister is he? -he becomes______ -basically became ruler of___ -followed____ideas -architect of_____ -stripped Huguenots of ____ -people like/hate him |
-Louis XIII's minister
-becomes MInister of State -ruler of France -followed Machiavelli's ideas -architect of Absolute Monarchy -stripped Huguenots of their rights -people hated him |
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German states of Holy roman empire are sharply divided between____and_____
and so, they fought each other in______ |
-Catholics and Protestants
-30 years war |
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30 years war
-started when_____ -who declared war -_____becomes a battleground -_____ends the war -_____population died and germany is_____ |
-started when Ferdinand II, a Hapsburg and a catholic was chosen as king of bohemia
-protestant nations declare war -germany becomes a battleground -treaty of westphalia ends war -1/3 population died and germany is destroyed |
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Prussia
-the ruling family there -Frederick II also known as_____ |
-Hohenzollerns family
-Frederick the Great |
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Austria
-ruling family there -conquer_____ -forms absolute monarchy under____ -____rules after Charles VI (his daughter) |
-hapsburgs is the ruling family
-conquer Bohemia -Charles VI forms absolute monarchy -Maria Theresa is his daughter and rules next |
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how many children did Maria Theresa have?
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16
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Under Maria Theresa, ______wa happend.
-who were the 2 countries that were fighting |
-Seven Years War
-Silesia goes to Prussi |
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who has the longest reign ever?
-what did he build |
Louis 14th. (72 years)
-built the Great Chaeteau of Versailes |
