Enlightenment

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Deism -

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The religious belief that god acted like a 'clock maker' and created the world to be self sufficient then left.

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John Lock, Two Treatises of Civil Gov't -

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is a political philosophy in which the first treatise attacks the first patriarchalism and second treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory.

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John Locke- Essay concerning Human Understanding -

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An essay concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. The essay was a principal source of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers.

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Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)-

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An epistemological idea that individuals are born without mental content and all knowledge comes from experience or perception. (Latin origin)

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Philosophes-

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French philosophers of the 18th century. Applied reason to study, studies include philosophy,history,science,politics,economics,and social issues. Looked for weaknesses that needed improvement.

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Ecracsez l'infame-

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An expression commonly used by Voltaire meaning "crush the infamous". It refers to abuses of the people by royalty and the clergy.

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Spirit Of Laws, Baron de Montesquieu -

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A treatise on political theory, had large influence outside of France after being translated. It covers things like the law, social life, and the study of anthropology and providing more than 3,000 commendations. Montesquieu pleaded in favor of a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea that political institutions should reflect the social and geographical aspects of each community.

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Checks and Balances-

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The system used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. Each branch has power to balance other branches.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau-

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Was a philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. Influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and development of politics and education.

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Social Contract 1762 - Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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In the philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

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General Will - Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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A theory created by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, meaning "all citizens have the right to contribute personally, or through their representatives, to its formation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, positions, and employments, according to their capacities, and without any other distinction than that of their virtues and their talents"

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Noble Savage

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Someone considered an outside who is corrupted by the idealism of civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.

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Denis Diderot - The Encyclopedia

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Is know for highlighting all the major thoughts of the enlightenment, and attributed to by 150 different contributors. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the Encyclopedia and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations.

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Francois Quesnay

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He was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" or economic table which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats.

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Physiocrats

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Physiocracy is an economic theory which believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of the land and that agricultural products should be highly priced.

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Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations

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The book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations wealth and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.

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Salon Movement

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Salons provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse. Women served as the hostesses, decided the agenda of topics to be discussed, and regulated the conversation. This led to reduced marginalization of women in Paris. The emergence of salons allowed for leadership and involvement for women in intellectual areas in Paris.

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Madame de Geoffrin

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Is referred to as one of the leading female figures in the Enlightenment. Her association with several prominent dignitaries and public figures from across Europe has earned Madame Geoffrin international recognition. Her patronage and dedication to both the philosophical Men of Letters and talented artists that frequented her house is emblematic of her role as guide and protector.

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Madame de Stael

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Was a French woman of letters of Swiss origin whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. Celebrated for her conversational eloquence, she participated actively in the political and intellectual life of her times. Her works, both critical and fictional, made their mark on the history of European Romanticism.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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Was an English writer, philosopher, and strong advocate of women's rights. She wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, where she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education.

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Baron Paul d'Holbach

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German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. Lived and worked mainly in Paris, where he kept a salon. He was well known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion.

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David Hume

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Was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

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Jean de Condorcet

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French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public instruction, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women and people of all races. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day.

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Immanuel Kant

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German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our understanding, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.

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Classical Liberalism

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Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom.

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German Pietism

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The Pietist movement combined the Lutheranism of the time with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life. Though pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.

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Methodism

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Methodism, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement.

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John Wesley

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Was an Anglican minister and theologian who, with his brother Charles Wesley and fellow cleric George Whitefield, is credited with the foundation of the evangelical movement known as Methodism. His work and writings also played a leading role in the development of the Holiness movement and Pentecostalism.

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Jansenism

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Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination.