Enlightenment

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Scientific Revolution

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Thinkers tore down current "scientific" theories established by status quo and the church. Methods of scientific exploration were refined (scientific method)

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Geocentric vs. Heliocentric

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Ptolemy believed everything revolved around the Earth(geocentric) due to gravity. His theory was widely accepted until 1,300 years later when Copernicus concluded the Sun was revolved around(Heliocentric) by years of observation.

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Tycho Brahe

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astronomer who made long-time observations and records of the structure of our solar system; believed that the moon and sun orbited the earth while the other planets revolved around the sun

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Kepler

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Astronomer who used his "laws of planetary motion" to prove the elliptical path of planets around the sun

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Galileo

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Scientist who invented telescope and microscope; defended Copernican theory of the universe; "Law of Pendelum"; censored by the Church and put under house arrest

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Newton

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Wrote law of universal gravitaion in his book "Principia"

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Janssen

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spectacle maker who was the first to redo the telescope and create the compound microscope

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Leeuwenhoek

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first to see single cell organisms (bacteria and single celled organisms)

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Torricelli

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Invented barometer and studied under Galileo

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Fahrenheit

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created basic scale of temperature

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Celsius

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Created temperature scale of celsius

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Vesalius

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First to use humans for disection; discovered muscles built in layers and heart has chambers

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Harvey

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First to demonstrate the circulation of blood throught the human body is continuous

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Boyle

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Boyle's laws; discovered oxygen

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Lavoisier

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"Father of Modern Chemistry"; work based off of Priestly; law of conservation of mass

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Priestley

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Best known for his experiments oxygen; lavoisier

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Enlightenment

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Cultural movement in 18th century that encourage everyone to rethink the current traditions and status quo with reason; tolerance, in religion, sex, and social status was also stressedHobb

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Hobbes

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Man is born selfish and savage and therefore absolute rulers are necessary

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Social Contract

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Idea that a society is something that people agree or deny being a part of; first thought of by Rousseau

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Locke

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Power of state rested in power of people; governments formed to protect people's natural rights; a government that does not do so should be overthrown by people; Declaration of Independence; checks and balances and division of church and state (U.S. constitution)

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Natural Rights

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Life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness)

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Philosophes

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Group of intellectuals of the Enlightenment period; overcame ignorance and superstition through reason, knowledge and education

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Reason

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Way that philosophes encouraged people to rethink the status quo

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Voltaire

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criticized French government; preached religious tolerance, reason and freedom of speech

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Montesquieu

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Separation of powers; checks and balances

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Rooseau

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Social Contract; civilization corrupts people's natural goodness; direct democracy

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Beccaria

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Abolish torture; habeas corpus; government= greatest good

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Wollstonecraft

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Women's rights= men's rights

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Impact of Enlightenment

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Absolute monarchs adopted some ideas of Enlightenment philosphes(Catherine the Great); modern thought, change in age old thoughts in politics and religion; american and french revolutions; civilzation became more civilized