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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what kind of floriculture production automation has played a big role?
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C. Cut-flower rose
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Which rose production system is common in Europe?
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B. In rockwool
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In the United States, what are most roses produced for?
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A. Holidays (V-Day, Mother's Day)
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In the past, how were cut roses graded?
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D. Stem length
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What is most important in cut rose production?
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C. Stem length
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Replanting and pruning or roses in rose production is often done after:
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B. Mother's Day
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What are the different products in cut flower rose production?
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D. Sweethearts, spray, and hybrid-tea
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The most common type of cut flower rose production in California is:
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B. In ground production
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In rose production, around what temperature are roses grown on sunny days?
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A. 75
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Bending of stems within rose production is primarily used to:
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A. Increase total photosynthesis of the plant
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Which statement about cut flower rose production is not true?
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E. None of the above
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Why do cut flowers rose growers bend rose stems?
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D. Downward bending of the shoot tip causes a change in auxin balance, inducing vigourous growth on upright stems. And bent stems do not develop flowers but provide extra carbohydrates to flowering upright stems.
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What significant shift occurred in the mid 1990's for cut flower rose production?
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D. A shift to soilless production
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What is not an organic substrates used for rose production?
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C. Fleece
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Which of the following in not a factor in grading cut-flower roses?
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D. Degree of opening
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What are ideal nighttime temperatures for adequate rose production?
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A. 60-62 F
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How do you promote vegetative growth of roses in order to establish large plants for production?
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C. Prune flowering buds
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What color of rose is not produced in the US?
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C. Blue
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Outside of February, which types of roses tend to sell best?
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C. Single color
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The rose flower size has traditionally not been as important as stem length.
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A. Yes
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The most profitable type of floriculture in US now a days is:
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D. Bedding plants
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Which variety should we use actual seed count for?
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A. Begonia Vodka Red
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Which of the following are bedding plants?
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E. Impatients, vegetables, geranium, and Marigold
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According to the 2011 USDA report on floriculture, the wholesale value of bedding plant sales for the top 15 US states is:
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D. $1.33 billion
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What is important to consider during scheduling for seeded plants?
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D. Germination percent and transplant time.
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Upon receiving an order to produce a bedding plant by a date one should:
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C. Check variety for germination rate and light requirements and schedule PGR if needed and induce flowering if needed.
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When producing a crop schedule for bedding plant production it is useful to know:
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D. The germination rate, the number of plants ordered, and the number of seeds per gram.
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How many plugs are there per tray?
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A. 400 plugs
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Plug technology provides a better chance to establish ideal cultural conditions during the early stages of growth. True or False?
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A. True
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When creating a schedule for plant production within a nursery (like Dr. Oki), week 1 refers to:
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C. The week of Jan. 1st
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Which of the following is not a bedding plant?
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C. Chysanthemum
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Which of the following is not a common bedding plant sold in the US?
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C. Gerbera
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A production schedule is generally created by working backwards in time on a what-to-what basis?
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B. Week-to-week
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Which of the following is not key knowledge for scheduling bedding plant production?
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B. Time to flower bud initiation
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What is an important component to consider when making a bedding plant schedule?
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B. Labor hours required each day for sowing and transplanting
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Which of the following is considered a bedding plant?
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E. Annual and perennial floral plants, hanging baskets and bowls of single or mixed species flowering plants, and vegetable plants in flats and small pots for planting in gardens.
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What is the most efficient way to manage labor in bedding operations?
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C. Even out labor by lots of preparing.
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Which state leads in bedding plant production?
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D. California
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True of False: the sale of bedding plants is directly related to the state of the housing market.
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A. True
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What information is not needed to know when creating a production schedule?
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A. The suitable condition for plants growing
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Generally in a substrate nutrient are best absorbed in pH of:
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B. 5.6-6.3
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Which greenhouse media should be used to raise pH?
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A. Limestone
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Why is using compost/organic amendments not ideal?
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B. They break down, so your levels of nutrients will change over time.
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If a fertilizer source is 20-0-0, about how many ounces would you need to add to make a 100 gallon 150 ppm N solution?
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C. 10 ounces
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If you have a nitrogen ppm of 75 with a 10-0-15 fertilizer, how much fertilizer did you add to get 100 gallons?
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A. 10 ounces
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A low pH in the root medium would result in:
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C. Decrease in availability of Ca and Mg
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How much 20-10-30 fertilizer do you need to get 100 ppm N?
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C. 6.7 oz
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Nitrogen deficiency is often marked by:
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A. Uniform chlorosis
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How many oz/100 gal of 200 ppm are found in Monoammonim phosphate: (12-62-0)?
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A. 4.3 oz/100 gal
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Which of the following isn't a primary macronutrient?
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D. Calcium
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Micronutrient deficiency can occur with high soil pH because:
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B. Solubility and availability of micronutrients may be low.
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Which facts are true for slow-release fertilizers?
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D. Nutrients are released over a long time and applied directly to the root medium.
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What are some examples of micro nutrients?
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E. Iron, boron, and zinc
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After fertilizing your (soil based) potted plants with the recommended amounts of all micro and macro nutrients, you notice chlorosis on the youngest leaves. What are some possible reasons why this happened?
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E. All of the above
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What is the most important issue that needs to be addressed in selecting a fertilizer?
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C. Frequency of application
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If your media pH is 4.5, which of the following nutrient problems would not be likely?
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D. Iron deficiency
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What are the secondary macronutrients?
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A. Ca, Mg, S
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Which of these is not an essential nutrient for plants?
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C. Silica (Si)
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Will adding limestone raise or lower your pH?
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A. Raise
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A fertilizer that is marked "10-20-30" will contain 20%:
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C. P2O5
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What is the meaning of N-P-K analysis?
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B. Percent of elemental of N, P2O5, and K2O
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The keys in optimum hydroponic production lies in managing:
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D. Air, nutrients and water
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We need to get the pH to stay in the range of 6.2 to 6.9. True or False?
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A. True
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Which are key elements of hydroponics?
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D. Optimizing water, nutrient and oxygen availability
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All of the following are non-synthetic substrates suitable for hydroponics except:
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D. Foam chunks
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What does hydroponics try to optimize?
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D. Water, nutrient, and oxygen availability
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Hydroponics absolutely requires:
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D. Oxygen to reach the root zone and maintain optimal nutrient availability
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The EcoGrower system:
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D. Is a small air driven drip system, a growing system and a hydroponic system
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Generally, EC levels should be kept no higher than:
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D. Three
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Which of the following is incorrect about hydroponic?
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D. It optimizes soil availability
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The most efficient way to get the maximum amount of dissolved oxygen in water is by:
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B. Throwing the water through oxygen rich air
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Which factors are important for growing in a hydroponic system?
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E. pH, EC, and water level
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What newly discovered micronutrient just became available as a fertilizer?
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C. Silica
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What kinds of people and industries are interested in using hydroponics?
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E. NASA, ocean vessel crews, organic growers, and growers in urban environment
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What is the greatest challenge of growing hydroponically?
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D. Root pathogens
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True or false: can the rockwool be used several times?
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A. True
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Why must the water in hydroponics be discarded after a certain length of time?
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D. All of the above
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Hydroponics use today is mostly for high value horticulture because of costs. True or False?
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A. True
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What factors need to be closely monitored in hydroponic production?
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D. EC and pH
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Compared to field agriculture are hydroponics and aeroponics more or less water efficient?
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A. More
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True or false: hydroponics use more water per crop than conventional agriculture.
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B. False
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Which key element can maximize in hydroponics?
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C. Oxygen
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The best electrical conductivity (EC) in irrigation for mature crops should be:
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B. 1.5 dS/m
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EC must be below 0.75 dS/m for seedlings. True or false?
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A. True
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Which of the following about under-watering is false?
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D. Causes young plants to bolt
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What are some reason you should never allow any part of the root-zone to dry completely?
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E. Root death may occur, high salt concentrations may cause problems for the plant, its hard to re-wet dry areas, and increase potential for infection
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What does the human hand feel as wet in relation to the moisture release curves?
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E. Wet, sub-optimal and danger
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While using an EC meter it reads 0.5 dS/m. What does dS/m stand for?
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B. DeciSiemens per meter
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What are the effects of wilting and water stress on plants?
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D. Causes stunted growth and damages young tissues
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It is good for growers to get their water tested:
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E. At least twice a year
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What does an EC meter measure?
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C. Salt
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Electrical conductivity, or EC, specifically esstimates (BLANK) by measuring how easily electricity flows through water.
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C. The amount of dissolved salts and ions
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Which of the following are irrigation systems?
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E. All of the above. Hand watering, surface, subsurface and overhead systems
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What does water hardness refer to?
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D. The combined Ca and Mg content
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According to Dr. Lieth, how does the Clean Water Act (CWA) affect flower growers?
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D. CWA mandates that water discharged from greenhouses is "cleaner" (lower EC) than the water received by the grower, and the CWA is forcing growers to find innovative ways to recycle water and prevent fertilizer runoff.
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How long does it take for oxygen to deplete out of a peat moss substrate in a subsurface irrigation system with stagnant water?
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D. 20 minutes
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Which of the following is not key in determining whether the water in a well is good for a nursery site?
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C. Nitrate levels
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What is alkalinity?
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A. Measure of the ability of the water to raise substrate pH
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Which of the following can be a consequence of overwatering of plants?
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E. All of the above. Plants too soft, tall, waterlogging, and too luxuriant growth
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What is the optimal EC for water so you may add the most nutrients?
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A. 0
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Water alkalinity is measured in:
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C. milliequivalents of CaCO3
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DIF effect on mums height production. True or False?
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A. True
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How many days before is targeted visible bud date set?
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B. 35 days before
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How are Easter Lilies most commonly grown?
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C. From bulbs
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Which of these is not a chrysanthemum flower type?
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D. Asiatic
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Which PGR seems to have the most effect on the lilies?
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D. TES
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In lab, we are/have controlled the Easter Lilies with:
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B. Cooling of the bulbs before planting
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What happens when the center bud is removed from a chrysanthemum?
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C. Causes the lateral buds to grow
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Mums need:
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C. Long or short days, depends on what stage of growth they are in
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What does DB mean when removing buds from mums?
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B. Lateral bud removal
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What is the process called when removing lateral buds and keeping the central bud?
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C. Disbud
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Debudding the most central flower on a mum will:
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B. Cause a spray effect of more auxillary flowers
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Which facts are true?
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D. All of the above. Some plants are showing damages, you can see dramatic differences in height between the PGR treatments, and the mums got pinched again.
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The codes for disbudding the mums are:
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D. DB, CBR, ZBR
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What is the "visible bud" stage in lily production scheduling?
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E. When top-most leaves open to expose the flower buds, signals the beginning of the "Flower bud elongation phase"
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Removing a mum plants lateral buds has what effect on the plant?
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B. Causes the plant to grow a more dominant central bud
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What are the methods of vernalization of Lilie bulbs?
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E. All of the above. Case cooling, natural cooling, combination of case and natural cooling, and controlled temperature forcing.
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Which of the following is not a type of disbudding recommended for the mums in lab?
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A. Lower bud removal
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What does precooling Easter Lily bulbs do to the crop?
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C. Decreases number of flowers
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Mums have a low production cost because of their fast growing period. True or False?
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A. True
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What does vernalization promote?
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C. Promote flowering
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Leaf counting was a good way to predict proper timing in which crop?
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B. Easter Lilies
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The Stargazer Lilly belongs to which group?
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B. Oriental
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What is not the reason that Chrysanthemum's production is important?
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C. Many colors and forms
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What is the major factor in FBI in orchids?
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B. Temperature
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Vermiculite is good component in a soil or substrate because:
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B. High CEC
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What can steam pasteurization eliminate?
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E. All of the above. Disease organisms, nematodes,, insects, and weeds.
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What are the functions of root zone media?
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E. All of the above. Anchor the plant, provide reservoir for nutrients, water, and oxygen.
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What are some common characteristics you should test your root zone for?
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E. All of the above. pH, EC, CEC
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What should be considered before choosing a rooting media?
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D. Irrigation system and height of root zone
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Chemical pasteurization is often done with:
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C. Methyl Bromide gas
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What happens if soil media is over-pasteurized?
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D. All of the above. Too much organisms are eliminated and pathogens increase, increase in manganese, and ammonium nitrogen is released leading to soil toxicity.
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What is not a variable that can affect the rooting media design?
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B. Pesticide method
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Root media should not be used directly from the supplier without preparation because:
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B. Diseases are common if sterilization is not performed prior to use.
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What should be tested, before a medium is used?
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A. All of the above. pH, EC, CEC, nutrients
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What is not an example of specific components of root media?
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C. Old Lily bulbs
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Why is compost generally not considered an ideal soil medium for commercial production systems?
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D. Lack of uniformity
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Which of the following is not a problem with mycorrhizal inoculations in the nursery?
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D. Mycorrihizae are expensive
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What substance is added to media to increase aeration and porosity?
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B. Perlite
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What is the UC mix comprised of?
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C. Peat, redwood sawdust, sand
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Coconut fiber has a pH that is:
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C. Slightly basic
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What is correct about pasteurization?
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B. The temperature for pasteurization can not be too low or too high
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Biocontrol agents can completely irradiate pests when applied. True or False?
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B. False
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Which is the method(s) of weed control?
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D. All of the above. Herbicides, hand control, and prevention.
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What is IPM?
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A. An all-encompassing system of managing pests through monitoring, sanitation, weed control, biocontrols, and pesticides.
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Which of the following is not a preventative element of IPM?
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D. Eradication
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What does IPM use to manage pests?
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E. All of the above. Pesticides, mechanical, monitoring
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Using IPM: in biological control one:
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B. Can apply chemical pesticides
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Some integrated pest management strategies include:
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E. All of the above. Using natural enemies of the pests against the pests, weed control, routine sanitation, and providing eco-labels.
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Which of the following is FALSE about IPM?
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A. IPM is designed to be 100% effective in eliminating pests
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Why is getting rid of weeds important in greenhouses and nurseries?
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D. All of the above. Weeds create habitat for pests, weeds compete for light, water and nutrients, and weeds make plants unmarketable.
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Which of the following insects produces honeydew on the leaves?
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A. Aphids
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Pesticides, in regards to IPM, is:
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D. Integrated into other elements for efficient and effective use
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Which of the following is not a true character of weed control?
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E. All are correct. A weed is any plant that is not purposely present under your control, eliminate competition for light, water and nutrients, and methods of control: herbicides, handpulling, prevention.
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Why can over fertilizing nitrogen attract pests?
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B. Because many insects are nitrogen deficient
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"Pest Prevention" is one of the most efficient IPM methods to control pests. Which of the following is not a form of IPM pest prevention?
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C. Carryout routine insecticide sprays to prevent establishment of spidermite populations.
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What is a common form of physical control in an IPM system?
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D. Screening vents
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What is important to consider when using biologicals as pest control?
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B. What pesticides can and cannot be used in conjunction.
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Which of the following is a pest that is a common problem in greenhouse production?
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E. Leafminers, spider mites, mealybugs, and whiteflies.
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Parasitoids:
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B. Feed off a primary host during their lifespan
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Predatory nematodes can be an effective control agent of:
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A. Fungus gnats
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What is correct about IPM?
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E. Chemical pesticides tent to control many pests at once.
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True or false. Orchid pots are often clear because some growers believe their roots can undergo photosynthesis?
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A. True
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How many known species of Orchids are there?
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A. 20,000
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Plants can do both C3 photosynthesis as well as crassulecean acid metabolism:
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B. CAM
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Orchids will not grow:
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C. In conventional potting soil
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What is not a stage of phalaenopsis production?
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C. Pinching
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What is the most prominent species used in Orchid production?
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D. Phalaenopsis
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Where are most species of Orchids native to?
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B. Asia
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What's the proposed mechanism for Phalaenopsis flower initiation?
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B. Removal of inhibition with temperature drop
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In Gerbera production, which pH for a soil substrate would be best?
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C. 5.8
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How long does it take, in general, from receiving tissue culture to flowering spike?
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B. 2-3 years
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Gerbera is one of the top five most popular cut flowers. True or False?
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A. True
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What is most relevant to orchid flowering?
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B. Temperature
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According to Michael Parrella, which are the three most common pests on gerbera crops?
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B. Mealybugs, thrips, leafminers
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All of the following are orchid species except:
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E. Papilania
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What family is Gerbera in?
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D. Asteraceae
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True or False. B-Nine is an effective stem growth retardant of Gerberas.
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A. True
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How many petals do orchids typically have?
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6
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