Englsih

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Genre

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a category of literary work

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Vernacular

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a sublanguage specific to a particular community or group of people

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Plot

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the what. the events that happen in a book or play. (inverted check-mark)

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Theme

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the deep and extremely important message conveyed from writer to reader

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Exposition

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the laying out of the situation, the opening of the action. We are introduced to characters, setting, background info, and the basics and background that drives the story forward

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Rising Action

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a series of incidents related by cause and effect that build towards the greatest point of interest.

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Climax

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highest point of tension at which discovery, decision, or a major action is made which decides the outcome of conflict

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Falling Action/Denouement

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return to order after conflict and its complications along w/ climax have passed.

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Resolution

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end of conflict usually the resonation of order at the end of plot

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Novella

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a work of fiction longer than short story but shorter than a novel

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Set

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what is being shown on the stage

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Fourth Wall

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imaginary wall between the characters and audience

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Raked Stage

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a slanted stage floor angled so it slopes upward in the back

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Meme

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an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture

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Viral

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(of a meme) moves through population taking hold of each person it affects

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Narrative

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tells a story

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Lyric

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short and concentrated meant to express emotion

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Didactic

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gives instruction, rhymes, but it is no longer used

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Abstraction

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not concrete idea, expresses emotion but avoids imagery

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Imagery

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A carefully-chosen specific sensory detail that illustrates an idea, object, action, or, most often, an emotion by appealing to one or more of the five senses.

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Prosody

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an organizational system in poetry written in verse that is recognizable by both poet and reader.

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Verse

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poetry written in meter

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Meter

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a way of controlling the reader’s temporal experience of the poem – how much time it takes for the reader to read each word, the stress given to each word, etc.

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Accentual/Syllabic Meter

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where both the number of syllables and stresses are counted. the most prevalent verse system in English

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Syllabic Meter

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where just syllables are counted.

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Scansion

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how we read and write in accentual syllabic meter. when we look through a poem counting stressed and not stressed

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Breve

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unstressed syllables

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Ictus

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stressed syllables

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Iamb

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in poetry, a two-syllable foot, or unit, of iambic meter, consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

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Iambic Pentameter

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a line consisting of five feet of iambic meter, or ten syllables arranged in a pattern of unstressed-stressed, unstressed-stressed

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Foot

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breve + ictus = 1 foot of iambic pentameter

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Quatrain

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in poetry a stanza of four lines

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Couplet

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in poetry a stanza of two lines

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Turn/Volta

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a component of the sonnet right before the 3rd quotation that represents a turn of thought or argument

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OuLiPo

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a poem made by uncovering the potential in language by using pre-existing text to find poetry in literature through use of equations and formulas called constraints

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Chimera

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a single text composed of distinct texts; formed by the merging of different grammatical elements found in different text

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Transliteration

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conversion of one particular text (shakespeare) to another (modern-english)

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Metaphor

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an implied comparison between two unlike things without the use of “like” or “as”

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Simile

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A direct comparison between two unlike things that uses the word “like” or the word “as”

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Pun

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an often-humorous play on words. Puns can emphasize different meanings and applications of a word or phrase or involve words that sound the same (homophones) or similar but have different meanings.

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Oxymoron

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a figure of speech in which contradictory words are used together; for example, “jumbo shrimp.”

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Allusion

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a literary device in which the writer refers to a work of literature or a body of information (like a Biblical story or a historical figure) with which the reader is presumed to be familiar

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Personification

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when an inanimate object or concept is given the qualities of a person or animal.

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Rhyme

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similarity or identity of sound in corresponding positions in lines of poetry, most often the terminal sounds

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Rhyme Scheme

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the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse

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Foreshadowing

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a moment that implies, shows, predicts, or suggests something that will happen later in the plot

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Verbal Irony

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a type of irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.

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Dramatic Irony

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in theatre, this occurs when the audience knows something that the characters on stage do not know, or when the audience understands the implications of a scene in a way that the characters do not

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Situational Irony

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a type of irony in which the outcomes of an action are the opposite of what is expected

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Soliloquy

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a theatrical device in which a character speaks to herself or himself, revealing her or his innermost thoughts and feelings

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Hyperbole

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an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally, as in “to wait an eternity.”

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Foil

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a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character.

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Paradox

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a statement that might seem to contradict itself but is nevertheless true; for example, “less is more.”

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Aside

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a dramatic convention in which a character breaks the fourth wall, delivering lines intended for the audience

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- and not for the characters on stage

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Protagonist

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the leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work.

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Antagonist

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the adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work

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Blank Verse

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verse composed in unrhymed iambic pentameter, most frequently used in English dramatic verse (for example, Shakespeare’s plays and other examples of Renaissance drama)

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Shakespearean Sonnet

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a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter. Shakespearean sonnets are comprised of three quatrains and a final couplet with the following rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg

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Comedy

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a literary genre that features happiness, reconciliation, and high spirits at the conclusion of a work of literature in attempt to also provide solvency for the conflict that arose previously said body of literature

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Tragedy

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a literary genre that features death, mourning, and low spirits at the conclusion of a body of work in order to provide solvency for conflict that unfolded previously in said body of work

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Comic Relief

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a period of comedy in the midst of a serious situation as a way to relieve tension.