English Writing Arguments Chapter 1-10

Front 1

Argument

Back 1

-are not a pro/con debate nor fight or quarrel

-requires justification of claim

-truth seeking/ persuasion

Front 2

Implicit

Back 2

- does not look like argument, argument implied

Front 3

Explicit

Back 3

An argument directly states controversial claim, support with reason and evidence

Front 4

Process

Back 4

In which two or more or more parties seek the best solution to a question or problem. A conversation would be a process

Front 5

Product

Back 5

Any persons contribute contribution to the conversation at any given moment. They are usually short an informal discussions. Informal setting, and orally delivered product might be short impromptu speech or carefully prepared speech

Front 6

Brainstorming/ finding issues to explore

Back 6

- will most likely reflect your own experiences

- free writing, idea mapping, playing the believing - doubting games

Front 7

Rhetorical context

Back 7

Product strategies for reading arguments. Analyzing a text with horrible contacts as a preliminary step prior to reading is important

Front 8

Genres

Back 8

Recurring type of pattern or argument

-example: letter to an editor, a political cartoon

- often categorize my recurring features, formats, and styles

- Helps determine an arguments lentgh, tone, sentence complexity, level in formality or formality, you some visuals, kind of evidence, depth of research, in the presence or absence of documentation.

Front 9

Reading to believe

Back 9

You practice empathetic listening, which requires you to see the world through the authors eyes

Front 10

Reading to doubt

Back 10

You turn your mental energy towards raising objections, asking questions, expressing skepticism, with holding your assents

Front 11

Thinking dialectically

Back 11

-It's used to bring text into conversation with each other

- encompass is all previous strategies and can have a powerful effect on a readers growth as a thinker and arguer

- believing - doubting game, pushes us to new and better ideas

- it plays ideas against each other, creating a tension that forces you to keep expanding your perspective

Front 12

Classical structure of an argument

Back 12

The classical argument is patterned after the persuasive speech of ancient Greek and Roman orators

Front 13

Exordium

Back 13

the speaker gets the audience's attention

Front 14

Narratio

Back 14

Provides needed background

Front 15

Propositio

Back 15

The speakers claim / theses

Front 16

Partio

Back 16

Forecast the main parts of speech

Front 17

Confirmatio

Back 17

Presents the speakers arguments supporting the claim

Front 18

Confutio

Back 18

Summarizes and rebuts opposing views

Front 19

Peroratio

Back 19

Summing up the argument

Front 20

Issue

Back 20

Heart of any argument

Front 21

Explication

Back 21

Writing that sets out to inform or explain

Front 22

Argumentation

Back 22

Sets out to change a reader's mind

Front 23

Pseudo arguments

Back 23

- reasonable participants who operate within the conventions of reasonable behavior

- potentially sharable assumptions that can serve as a starting place / foundation

Front 24

Reason

Back 24

-A claim used to support another claim

- because introduces the argument

Front 25

Rhetorical triangle

Back 25

Logos, ethos, and pathos

Front 26

Enthymemes

Back 26

- an incomplete logical structure

- it's persuasiveness depends on an underlying assumption

- they have a claim and a because clause

Front 27

The Toulmin system

Back 27

Different from formal logic in that it seems that all the sections and intentions are able to be questioned by opposing counsel in that all final verdict about the persuasiveness of the posing humans will be ready by neutral third party

Front 28

Audience - based reasons

Back 28

- arguments who's once the audience will accept

- reasoning that attracts the audience

Front 29

Persuasive use of evidence

Back 29

- Sufficiency - is there enough evidence?

- Typicality - is the chosen evidence representative and typical?

- Accuracy - is the evidence accurate and up-to-date?

- relevance - is evidence relevant to the claim?

Front 30

Rhetorical understanding of evidence

Back 30

Evidence can be personal experience data, research findings, or hypothetical examples

Front 31

Framing evidence

Back 31

Through framing, a writer maximizes the readers focus on some data, minimizes the readers focus on other data, and guides the reader's vision in response

Front 32

Ethos

Back 32

- credibility

- be fair to all views on the topic

- be knowledgeable about your issue

Front 33

Pathos (f)

Back 33

- appeal to readers emotions

- connecting to readers values, beliefs, emotions

Front 34

Kairos

Back 34

Timing / appropriateness for the occasion

Front 35

One sided

Back 35

Presents only the writer's position on the issue without summarizing and responding to alternative view.

- often use when an issue is not highly contested

Front 36

Multi sided

Back 36

Presents the writer's position, but also summarizes and responds to possible objections and alternative views

- can be dialogic

Front 37

Dialogic

Back 37

Has a much stronger component of inquiry in which the writer presented himself is uncertain or searching

Front 38

Rogerian argument

Back 38

Rogers’s theory of argument was that the arguer who wishes to convince another person should minimize any possibility of hostility to the argument. His goal was that the two sides should solve the problem together.

Front 39

Types

Back 39

Serif fonts have little extensions on letters and are easy to read

Front 40

Serif font

Back 40

Does not have extensions , use for short periods of time

Front 41

Design elements

Back 41

Type, space , color, images

Front 42

Definition

Back 42

In what category does this belong

Front 43

Resemblance

Back 43

Creates an analogy

Front 44

Evaluation and ethical

Back 44

What is the worst or value of this thing

Front 45

Casual

Back 45

What are the causes or consequences of this phenomenon

Front 46

Proposal

Back 46

What action should we take