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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deixis/ Deicitcs |
Refer to things outside a text. They cannot be understood unless the context is known. |
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Back- channel |
Words, phrases, and noises used by a listener to show that the message is being followed and understood. e.g. Yeah, okay, aaahh, oh right! |
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Hedge |
Words and phrases which soften or weaken the force of what is said. e.g. I think, I believe, you could |
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Phatic talk |
No purpose other than to maintain personal relationships follows traditional patterns, with expected responses and formatic expression e.g. How are you? |
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Filled pause |
Sounds which do not have meaning but are inserted in speech to allow time to think or create a pause e.g. errr, erm, and... |
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Unvoiced Pause |
Short silence between words. |
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Filler |
Words or expressions which have little meaning but are often used in speech e.g. Like, yeah, you know, so |
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False Start |
This when the speaker begins an utterance, stops and either repeats or reformulates it. |
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Repitions |
Either of single words or several words at a time |
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Utterance |
Complete unit of talk, bounded, by the speaker's silence |
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Overlaps and interruptions |
Occurs in conversations when people interrupt or talk over each other |
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Non- standard grammar |
The subject and verb do not agree or double negative may be used |
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Repair |
An alteration that is suggested or made by a speaker, the addressee or audience in order to correct or clarify, previous conversational contribution |
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Tag question |
Strings of words normally added to a declarative sentence to turn the statement into a question |
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Gender- What topics of conversations are women more likely to talk about? |
'Feelings' and often focused on personal experiences, relationships, and problems. |
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Gender- What topics of conversations are men more likely to talk about? |
'Things' and more concrete stuff relating to information, facts, objects, and activities: sport, cars, computers, home improvements and possessions are popular subjects. |
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Gender- What are the differences between men and women relating to the subject of dominance. |
Because women occupy less powerful position in society than men, their conversational behaviour is less assertive and less confident. Men more dominant in society so dominate mixed- sex conversations. Women said to be used to male dominance and as result of social conditioning will often be polite and respectful when speaking to men. |
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Gender- What are the differences between men and women relating to difference? |
This approach focuses on differences in male and female attitudes and values, differences that are said to be inculcated from childhood, when we form, and are influenced by, single-sex peer groups. Studies of children's play have found that in boy's games there is more emphasis on competition and confrontation, while girl's games are more cooperative. In |
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Gender- What is the difference between men and women's approach to conversation? |
Women tend to be more cooperative whereas men tend to be more competitive. |
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Gender- What specifically do women tend to do in conversation? |
Ask more questions (showing interest in what other speakers think, and encouraging them to participate.) Give more supportive feedback when listening (e.g. through back-channel noises such as 'mm' and through expressiions of agreement and understanding such as 'Yes', 'I know', etc.) Pay more compliments Initiate more topics of conversation Make more effort to bring others into the conversation Use 'you' and 'we' more often (i.e. they address others more and involve them more in what is being said) Develop the ideas of previous speakers more than men do. |
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Gender- What do men tend to do in conversation? |
Interrupt Express disagreement Ignore the other person's utterance Show reluctance to pursue topics initiated by others. |
