English Language Unit 3

Front 1

Domain

Back 1

The general sphere of interest or activity where communication happens. Eg. Religion, friendship, work, politics, family

Front 2

Sociolinguistic Variables

Back 2

Factors which determine the code of discourse

Front 3

Audience

Back 3

Who you are and those with whom you are communicating

Front 4

Locale

Back 4

Where you are and when the communucation takes place

Front 5

Field

Back 5

The matter about which you are communicating

Front 6

Mode

Back 6

Which mode of communication is being employed (spoken, written or electronic)

Front 7

Register

Back 7

Socially defined varieties of language that are appropriate for a specific situation, occupation or subject matter

Front 8

Agentless Passive

Back 8

A passive without an agent or doer of the action

Front 9

Face

Back 9

One public self-image, which can be both positive and negative, according to wheather or not there is a desire to be liked and get along with others or, in the case of a negative face, a lack of interest in pleasing others, but a desire to maintain authority and distance

Front 10

Standard English

Back 10

An idealised variety of English that constitutes a notation set of norms generally adopted by educated speakers of English. There are many standard varieties of English, according to age and generation and national origins

Front 11

Non-Standard English

Back 11

Forms of English which deviate from the standard variety and may be attributed terms such as slang, colloquial or vernacular

Front 12

Phatic Conversation

Back 12

Relaxed, in formal, non-standard or emotive conversation

Front 13

Function

Back 13

What the text aims to do

Front 14

Face Needs

Back 14

Relate to how we show politeness and meet each others social needs in various contexts. Positive- less formal context, Negative- power distance, more authority

Front 15

Adjacency Pairs

Back 15

A part of conversation that involves an exchange of turns of two speakers. They include the automatic patterns you find when people apologise, compliment, great or farewell

Front 16

Affixes

Back 16

Morphemes that can be added to a root or a stem to form a more complex word

Front 17

Anaphoric References

Back 17

Expressions that refer back to something that has gone on before in the discourse

Front 18

Assimilation

Back 18

Sounds changing their shape to become more alike

Front 19

Auxillaries

Back 19

A group of verbs that are used to support non-finite forms of main verbs and that are inflected for person, number and tense

Front 20

Cataphoric References

Back 20

Refer forward to another expression that follows it

Front 21

Clause

Back 21

A structural unit is larger than a phrase and may constitute a simple sentence or a constituent of a complex sentence

Front 22

Coherence

Back 22

The semantic connections that exist within a text to make it meaningful

Front 23

Compounding

Back 23

A way of forming a new a new word by combining two or more free morphemes. The resulting compound is a word that contains a stem that is made up of more than one root

Front 24

Conjunction

Back 24

These are joining words within sentences and can include co-ordinating conjunctions, linking units of equal value, and subordinating conjunctions, joining a main clause to a subordinate clause

Front 25

Creative word formation

Back 25

The process by which new words are made, including compounding, shortening, affixation and so on

Front 26

Creole

Back 26

A nativised pidgin; in other words, a pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of a speech community

Front 27

Cultivated Australian

Back 27

An accent in Australian English that is closest to British received pronunciation. It is sometimes associated with the educated middle and upper-middle class, especially females

Front 28

Diectic Expressions

Back 28

Words such as here and these. They represent a way of using language to point to the temporal, situational and personal aspects of the event

Front 29

Determiners

Back 29

A word class that expresses notions such as definiteness, quantity, number and possession. Subclasses of determiners include: articles, demonstratives, qualifiers, interrogative and possessive pronouns

Front 30

Dialect

Back 30

A variety that has grammar and vocabulary that identifies the geographical or social origin of the speaker

Front 31

Diminutive

Back 31

A suffix added to a common or proper noun that indicates smallness and usually expresses affection

Front 32

Discourse markers (particles)

Back 32

These are features of talk and include expression. Individual expression can have different discourse functions to do with focus and change of topic and conversational functions to do with turn-taking

Front 33

Elision

Back 33

The slurring or omission of certain sounds in a phonological context

Front 34

Ellipsis

Back 34

The detection of items in a sentence because they either appear elsewhere or can be reconstructed from the context

Front 35

Etymology

Back 35

The study of the origins and history of words

Front 36

Figurative Language

Back 36

Language that is used in a non-literal way in order to invoke revealing comparisons. It includes thins like metaphor, simile and oxymoron

Front 37

Flapping

Back 37

A single rapid contract between two organs of speech, such as between the tip of the tongue and teeth ridge

Front 38

Function Word (versus content word)

Back 38

These are words that have purely grammatical meaning and do not refer to anything in the real world. They are contrasted with content words that have real world meaning

Front 39

Glottal Stop

Back 39

A stopped consonant that is released at the glottis

Front 40

Hedges

Back 40

Mitigating devices that speakers use to lesson the impact of an utterance, which are typically adverbs

Front 41

Implicature

Back 41

Anything that is inferred from an utterance

Front 42

Infinitive (verb)

Back 42

The base form of a verb that occurs in dictionaries. Infinitives are not inflected for person, number or tense

Front 43

Interrogative Tag

Back 43

A type of interrogative that tacks the interrogative into the end of an declarative clause and requests the hearer to express agreement or disagreement. The tag is Formed by repeating the auxiliary and then a pronoun version of the subject noun phrase

Front 44

Innotation

Back 44

The pattern of pitch changes characteristic of an utterance

Front 45

Jargon

Back 45

Language shared by those who belong to a professional, trade or some other occupational group.

Front 46

Modal Auxillaries

Back 46

Verbs that signal the attitude of the speaker and express notions such as probability, possibility, doubt contingency, wishing on and so on. They are exceptionally in lacking in any inflection

Front 47

Object

Back 47

A consequence of the clause that follows a verb in basic clauses. Objects can be noun phrases or subordinate clauses and can often be made the subject in the corresponding passive clause

Front 48

Passive

Back 48

The discourse strategy that promotes an object to a subject and simultaneously demotes the subject to a by-phrase. It is also inserts the appropriate for of the verb to be and changes the original verb following into it's past particle form

Front 49

Phrase

Back 49

A group of words that is smaller than a clause and that behaves as a structural unit. It is named after the head-that is the core or the most important word of the phrase

Front 50

Pitch

Back 50

How high the voice is, reflecting how quickly the vocal cords vibrate

Front 51

Preposition

Back 51

Words that can be used for a number of semantic purposes.

Front 52

Present particle

Back 52

A form of the verb that ends in ing. When it is the main verb of a clause, it must be supported by a form of the auxiliary to be

Front 53

Received pronunciation

Back 53

The prestigious and regionally neutral accent of British English

Front 54

Reduplication

Back 54

A repetition process whereby part or all of a stem of a word is repeated, and the resulting form so kind of compound

Front 55

Relative clause

Back 55

A subordinate clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun

Front 56

Semantic field

Back 56

An area of meaning that is identified by a set of related lexical items

Front 57

Simple sentences

Back 57

A simple sentence contains a single independent clause

Front 58

Slang

Back 58

An in-group variety in which people with something in common will interact and which is often bound by time and generation. It is informal, usually spoken, not written and it involves mainly vocablary. A striking feature is also of its playfulness. Metaphor, association and irony are important forces behind new slang expressions

Front 59

Standard language

Back 59

The Prestige variety that is used as the institutional norm within a speech community; varieties that do not conform are said to be non-standard

Front 60

Stop

Back 60

A sound produced by completely blocking off the air flow through the oral cavity

Front 61

Stress

Back 61

The degree of force with which a syllable is articulated. Weekend differentiate between stressed and unstressed syllables and between heavy and light stress

Front 62

Subject

Back 62

A clausal constituent about which something is stated or predicted

Front 63

Vernacular

Back 63

A variety of everyday language specific to a social group or region

Front 64

Cohesion

Back 64

The linguistic connections and ties that exists between words and sentences to give structure to a text