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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paul Baker |
He explored the dictionary equivalents for 'spinster' and 'bachelor'. He found that the female term was less positive than the male term. |
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Koester |
Phatic talk is important for getting jobs done. Workers need to establish personal relationships. Solidarity is an important dimension in work place communication. |
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J.R. Searle |
Categories of illocutionary acts: Representatives- asserting a preposition to be true Directives- the speaker tries to make the hearer do something Commissives- the speaker commits themself to a course of action Expressives- the speaker expresses an attitude Declarations- the speaker alters the status or situation |
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J.L. Austin |
Many utterances are the same as actions, for example 'I now pronounce you man and wife' is a statement that has changed the social reality. This is known as an illocutionary act. |
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Eckert |
Teenagers are more likely to use: 'like', 'okay', rising intonation and double negation. |
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Fowler |
Ways in which power is encoded into language: Passive voice- used to show the powerless as receivers of action or to conceal wrong doing Nominalisation- verbs are turned into nouns to add more importance |
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Morgan |
He looked at qualities associated with males and females in western society. Males are seen as logical, rational, aggressive, exploitative, strategic, independent and competitive. Females are seen as intuitive, emotional, submissive, empathic, nurturing and co-operative. |
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Keith and Shuttleworth |
Women- Talk more, are more polite, are indecisive, complain and nag, ask questions and support each other. Men- swear, don't talk about emotions, insult each other, compete in conversation and interrupt more. |
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Christopher Werry |
On internet chats or text messages, often participants are prepared to use more letters than necessary to simulate prosodic effects of speech or indicate semantic nuance. |
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Herriman |
They found that words for physical attractiveness are collocates more with women while terms to describe height, abilities and personality are collocated more with men. |
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Brown and Levinson |
Social distance: you need to be more polite to a stranger Power distance: you need to be more polite to someone in more powerful position Degree of imposition: the more you are asking someone to do the more polite you need to be |
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Bruner |
Children rely on a supportive adult to aid their learning. This is called 'scaffolding' where the adult has control over the learning. |
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Schegloff |
Telephone Routine: 1. Summons-Answer 2. Identification-Recognition 3. Greeting-Greeting 4. Initial enquiries |
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Gary Hayes |
Media and platform/technological convergence |
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Wareing |
Types of power: Political- power held by those with the backing of the law Personal- power held by those as a result of their occupation Social Group- power held by those dominant in a social group |
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Drew and Heritage |
Workplace conversation differs from ordinary conversation in these ways: -Goal orientation -turn taking rules or restrictions -restrictions on allowable contributions -professional lexis use |
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Tim Shortis |
There is a tendancy towards brevity in technology based texts |
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Labov |
Looked at dialectology on Martha's Vineyard (pronunciation of dipthongs) and found up islanders and the fishermen pronounced them differently in order to distance themselves from the tourists and create an identity. |
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Tim Shortis: Properties of Electronic Based Texts |
-Footprints: activity can be traced -Plasticity: not permanent and are subject to alteration or remodelling -Links: texts can be combined to create infinitively malleable systems of information -Searches: programmed to match up patterns of code |
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Lakoff: Politeness Principle |
1. Don't impose 2. Give options 3. Make your receiver feel good
The process of rulebreaking from this principle is called a conversational implicature. |
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Zimmerman and West |
In 11 mixed sex conversations there were 9 overlaps by men and 0 by women as well as 46 interruptions by men and 2 by women. |
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John Swales |
characteristics of discourse communities: - an agreed set of goals - a specific lexis - members have a suitable degree of expertise |
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Fairclough |
Through language we are all being conned into believing we are equal. This is known as simulated egalitarianism. We think the media gives everyone a voice but really they only write about powerful people so they can sustain their power and it will be accepted without question. |
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Coulthard and Sinclair |
They observed that powerful participants often use the initiation-response-feedback discourse pattern. |
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Goffman |
The purpose of facework is to maintain status either within the conversation or within society. People with lower status tend to be more attentive to the face needs of those who are higher status. |
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Grice's Maxims |
-Maxim of quality: speakers try to tell the truth -Maxim of quantity: speakers give the right amount of information -Maxim of relevance: speakers try to stick to the point -Maxim of manner: speakers try to present their material in an orderly way |
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Pearce and Giovanelli |
Radio and Tv rely on spoken word. Absence of visual information on the radio means that it has to rely on speech even more. |
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Deborah Tannen |
Independence vs. Intimacy- women think in terms of closeness and support, men focus more on independence. Advice vs. understanding- women offer sympathy, to men a complaint is a challenge. |
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Peter Trudgill |
Women said they thought they used more non-standard form than they actually do and men said they use more non-standard form than they actually do. |
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Peter Trudgill |
Women said they thought they used more non-standard form than they actually do and men said they use more non-standard form than they actually do. |
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Giles |
He found that even when speakers using an RP or Birmingham accent said they same text the RP speakers were rated higher for competence and intelligence. |
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Jenny Cheshire |
In her playground study she saw that boys use more examples of non-standard grammar than girls but girls used more non-standard grammar when playing with boys. Also in more formal situations girls are more standard whereas boys aren't. |
