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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Openings
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Conversation starters such as 'excuse me'.
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Turn-taking
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Cues that some else wants to speak
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Tag questions
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Questions attached to the end of statements
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Adjacency pairs
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Two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern.
E.G: How are you? I am fine |
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Topic shift
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Change of topic
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Repair
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Correcting a mistake, or a listener asks for something to be repeated
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Feeback
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Verbal or non-verbal, shows that one is paying attention
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Pre-closing signals
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Indicating conversation is ending.
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Closing sequences
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Conversation ending.
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Phatic communion
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Phrases with purely social function.
E.G: "Nice weather today." |
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Deictic/Deixis expressions
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Need reference to understand conversation.
E.G: "Whenever you want" |
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Accommodation Theory
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We adjust our speech to suit others.
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Downward divergence
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RP speaker toning down accent when in company of working class speakers.
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Upward Divergence
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Speech to suit more formal situation.
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Mutual convergence
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Speakers change idiolect to accommodate each other.
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What are Grice's Maxims?
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Quantity - saying more or less than required.
Relevance - what is said should be relevant. Manner - being orderly and coherent, no ambiguity. Quality - being truthful Co-operation to keep conversation going |
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What is the Politeness Principle?
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Lakoff's theory:
Don't impose Give options Make receiver feel good. |
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Positive politeness
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Showing we like another person by valuing them in conversation.
Ruining wanting to be liked - breaking positive face |
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Negative politeness
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Avoid intruding on others or calling superior by formal politeness.
Losing autonomy - breaking negative face |
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Fillers
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"Like" and "sorta"
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Paralinguistic
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Physical actions outside of conversation
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Four sentence types
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Demonstrative - explaining
Imperative - commanding Interrogative - questioning Exclamatory - exclaiming |
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Influential power
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Conforming to status quo for fear of alienation
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Instrumental power
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Fear of punishment and penalties if resisted
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Positional power
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Power gained from status
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Practical power
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Power gained from physical skill
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Personal power
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Power gained through charisma
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Knowledge power
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Power gained through knowledge and ideas to influence people
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Gender stereotypes (Male)
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Men are stronger than women
Men like statistics, facts and figures. Men like to establish status and are narcissistic Men like to act tough to impress women. Men boast and compete Men endure pain |
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Gender stereotypes (Female)
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Women keep weight down for men's sake
Women support and co-operate with each other Women do not endure pain Women are weaker than men Women are narcissitic |
