English Language Terminology

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Utterance

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A stretch or continuous unit of speech

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Pre-verbal

Back 2

The stages before actual words are uttered

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Referent

Back 3

The object or person in the real world to which sound consistently relates

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Posession

Back 4

The marking of a word to indicate how many are being talked about.

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Productive vocabulary

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The words of a child that it can actually speak

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Holophrase

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A one-word utterance that is used to communicate more than the one-word on its own.

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Overextend

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To stretch the meaning of a word.
All animals with four legs are dogs.

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Underextend

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To contract the meaning of a word.
The only dog that exists is the one I own.

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Hypernym

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A category into which other words fit

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Hyponym

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A word within a hypernym's category.

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Telegraphic

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The simple three word stage.
Words are omitted.

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Post-telegraphic

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The stage where omitted words begins to appear.

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Cruttenden 1974

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Patterns of intonation still developing in the teenage phase.

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Addition

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"Dat doggy" easier to say than "That dog"

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Substitution

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"Dada" for "dad"

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Deletion

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Not saying difficult letters.
Banana becomes nana.

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Reduplication

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An aspect of substitution.
"Baba" for "Baby"

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Addition

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Words like "doggy" or "horsey"

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Assimilation

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"Snake" to "Nake"

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Berko and Brown 1960

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Fis Phenomeneon
Children think they are saying wrong words correctly

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McClure 1986 (Writing)

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Teacher/child interaction often lead to a lck of experimentation with language.

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Alphabetic principle (Writing)

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Recognise letter correspond to sound

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Cohesive (writing)

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Free-flowing prose with repetition, alliteration and epithets.

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Inflectional morphology (writing)

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How words alter to show tense, possession, plurals.
"I run, they ran..."

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Orthographic principle (writing)

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Letters arranged in different ways mean different things.

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Omission

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Leaving things out

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Five Levels of Language Writing - Ferrero and Teferosky 1982

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L1 - Size of word liked to size of object.
All words have 3 or more letters.
L2 - Different sets of letters represent diferent things. Shapes become letter like. S for snake.
L3 - Read simple letters and words.
L4 - Alphabetic principle, letters = sounds
L5- Alphabetic principle completely understood, writing begins.

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Simpler constructions (CDS)

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Simple sentences

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Expansions

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Restating what child says using adult vocabulary and grammar.

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Recasting

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Correcting child's language without obstructing communication.

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Use of personal pronouns (CDS)

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"Mummy" instead of "I"

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Repetition of frames (CDS)

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Repetition for emphasis to make sentences understandable

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Imperatives (CDS)

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Command words

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Tag questions (CDS)

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Questions that serve to continue the conversation.