Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some aspects that make human communication unique? |
- spontaneity and displacement - arbitrariness - structure and creativity - cultural transmission |
|
|
How does spontaneity and displacement make human communication unique? |
Humans initiate speech and are able to talk about all sorts of things (which is called displacement) We, humans, have the ability to communicate beyond the here and now |
|
|
How does arbitrariness make human communication unique? |
Words are symbols and the reason why we call words the way we do now is because we all agreed on what each word symbolises. Compared to animals, the human language is free whereas animals have one meaning for one sound - making it more limited |
|
|
How does structure and creativity make human communication unique? |
We are able to create new forms by recombing elements of a language. Making the human language an open system. In contrast, animal communication is a closed system, their speech is always fixed and not open ended like how the human language is (animals can never create complex speech patterns or talk about things that don't exist) |
|
|
How does cultural transmission make human communication unique? |
Children learn the language(s) spoken around them even if it is not the language of their biological parents. No matter what language, cultural transmission is very important and must take place early if the child is to aquire full competence |
|
|
What are the differences between spoken and written language? |
- spoken is less highly valued whereas written is more highly valued in society - spoken is dynamic and transient whereas written is static and permanent - spoken is often more informal and intimate whereas written is more formal and remote - spoken is typically spontaneous and unplanned whereas written is typically planned and reworked - spoken is typically face to face interaction whereas written is no visual contact - spoken has immediate feedback whereas written there is none - spoken is supported by prosodic and paralinguistic features whereas written is not |
|
|
Define Proper Noun |
A name used for an individual person, place or organization + spelled with an initial capital letter e.g. Jane, London, Samsung |
|
|
Define Pronoun |
Refers either to the participants in the discourse (I, you) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (she, it, this) |
|
|
Define Adjective |
A word naming an attribute of a noun e.g. sweet, red, cloudy |
|
|
Define Verb |
A word used to describe an action, state or occurrence e.g. hear, become, happen |
|
|
Define Conjuction |
A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause e.g. and, but, if |
|
|
Define Determiner |
A modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has e.g. a, the, every |
|
|
Define Adverb |
A word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb or other adverb, expressing manner, place, time, or degree e.g. gently, here, now, very (usually answers questions like 'how?' 'where?' 'when?' 'to what degree?') |
|
|
Define Preposition |
A word which links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. Usually describe the position of something, the time when it happens and the way in which something is done e.g. on, after, for, into, at, by, around |
|
|
What are the 4 different types of sentences? |
- Declarative - Imperatives - Interrogatives - Exclamatives |
|
|
What is a simple sentence? |
A sentence with a single independent clause e.g. I like butter |
|
|
What is a complex sentence? |
A sentence which has an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses e.g. I like butter, because I reckon it's better for you |
|
|
What is a compound-complex sentence? |
These can have two or more coordinated clauses and one or more subordinate clauses e.g. She looked at me as if I had just told her I was starting up my own sect and wanted to use her cat as the supreme being and her hubby for the first offering |
|
|
What are the theories of language acquisition? |
- Behaviourism - Innatism - Interactionism |
|
|
Explain the behaviourism theory |
This theory argues that children develop language from what they hear around them and that they learn from imitation, reinforcement and correction |
|
|
Explain the innatism theory |
Linguists and psychologists assume that the human mind must be somehow predisposed towards learning a language and that we are said to be born with an innate grammar. This innate grammar is said to aid children in the task of building a grammar for their language |
|
|
Explain the interactionism theory |
Argues that language only develops when children have the opportunity to interact with others. The changes in pitch, rhythm and word emphasis are how children usually learn and produce first |
|
|
What are the stages of language acquisition? |
pre verbal - 0-5 months babbling - 5 months one word stage - 12-18 months two word stage - 18-24 months telegraphic stage - 24-30 months |
