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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name five types of figurative language.
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Similes, metaphors, personification, metonymy and oxymorons.
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Name four types of rhetorical language.
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Three-part lists, repetition, hyperboles and rhetorical language.
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Name a hypernym and a hyponym.
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Fruit, strawberries.
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The words legs, cell, heart, muscle, skin and hair all belong to what?
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A lexical field of the body.
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What type of sentence is the line, 'I went to London and i went to Paris'?
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A compound sentence.
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What type of newspapers are more detailed; broadsheet or tabloid newspapers?
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Broadsheet newspapers.
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The words I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, me and us are all types of what?
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Pronoun.
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Three aspects of phonology.
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Elision, assimilation and liaison.
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Phonological frameworks.
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Rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, alliteration and onomatopoeia.
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Seven prosodic features.
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Pitch, volume, pace, pauses, intonation, stress and rhythm.
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Five features of grammatical cohesion.
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Reference, identification, ellipsis, conjunctions and adverbs.
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Two features of lexical cohesion.
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Repetition and collocations.
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Six types of politeness strategy.
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Definite with negative word, definite without negative word, excuse, evasive, apologetic and inarticulate.
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Mode can be...
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...written or spoken.
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Which texts contain features of both speech and writing?
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Multi-modal texts.
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Workman studied people's perceptions of different accents. What did he find?
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That participants rated the intelligence levels of the people in photos differently, depending on which accent they believed they had.
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What three features can depend on dialect?
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Vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
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What type of fields is Standard English used in?
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Education, media, formal documents and formal speech.
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What social factors does the language people use depend on?
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Socio-economic status, education, age, occupation and religious system.
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Five, key things about slang.
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Slang is informal vocabulary.
Slang has different purposes. Slang is specific to social and regional groups. Slang is always changing. People have different attitudes towards slang. |
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What fifthteen things does Robin Lakoff think that women use more of?
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Hedges and fillers. Polite forms. Tag questions. Intonational emphasis. Empty adjectives. Hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation. Direct quotation. A special lexicon. Question intonation in declarative statements. "Wh-" imperatives. Qualifiers. Apologetic requests. Modal constructions. Indirect commands and requests. Intensifiers.
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What did Lakoff argue her 'findings' show?
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That the features of women's language she identified 'reflected women's inferior social status, and made it worse by making them seem indecisive and needy'.
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What are the four main types of sexist language?
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Marked terms, generic terms, lexical asymmetry and patronising terms.
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What two types of grammar can notably be sexist?
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Pronouns and syntax.
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Are there more insults for men or women?
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There are more insults for women. These relate to animals and promiscuity and there are hardly any equivalents for men.
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When was the Sex Discrimination Act passed?
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1975.
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Define sexist language.
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'Sexist language is language that insults, patronises or ignores people on the basis of their gender'.
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Zimmerman and West founded the dominance model. What do they do and what did they find?
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'They recorded interruptions in conversations between men and women. They found that 96% of the interruptions were by men. This suggested that men are dominant in male-female conversations. They argued that this reflects male dominance in society'.
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Tannen developed the difference model in 1990. How did she describe male conversational styles, in relation to the model?
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'Men are concerned with status and independence.'
'Men give direct orders and don't mind conflict'. 'Men are interested in gaining factual information and finding solutions to problems'. |
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How did Tannen describe women's conversational styles?
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'Women are interested in forming bonds - they tend to talk less and agree more with men'.
'Women usually give polite, indirect orders and try to avoid conflict'. 'Women aim to show understanding by compromising, and offering support rather than solutions'. |
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Name four reasons why women may use more prestigious forms of language.
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'Women might be less secure than men in terms of their social status... they might use more prestigious language to overcome it'.
'Society generally expects higher standards of behaviour from women'. 'Men already have a higher social status than women, so they don't need to use more prestigious forms to improve it...' Men might use non-standard language due to it's traditional associations with working-class men, thus showing that they share 'masculine qualities' of such men. |
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What was Beattie's criticism (1982) of Zimmerman and West's idea that men interrupting women was a sign of dominance?
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'He suggested that interruptions can be supportive and show that the person is listening, e.g. if they repeat what the speaker is saying, or say things like yes and mm.'
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What is Cameron's general criticism of research into the relationship between language and gender?
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He 'argues that a lot of research is biased because there has been more focus on the differences between male and female language, which are actually quite small, rather than the similarities.'
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Give details of O'Barr and Atkins' alternative explanation to the deficit model.
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'They analysed transcripts of American courtroom trials. They found that male and female witnesses who of low social status and/or inexperienced with the courtroom practices, both showed many of the linguistic features that Lakoff labeled female. This suggests that the kind of language Lakoff describes as female isn't only found in women, and might be more to do with individuals feeling powerless'.
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What types of creative language do advertisements use to engage audiences?
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Semantic puns, phonetic puns and figurative language.
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What are Tannen's proposed six contrasts?
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Status vs. support. Independence vs. intimacy. Advice vs. understanding. Information. vs feelings. Orders vs. proposals. Conflict. vs. compromise.
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Seven types of pronouns.
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Personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns. Relative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns. Reflexive pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns.
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