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267 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a(an)
Once upon a time there lived an old man.He was very poor |
ga(1)-indicates the subject
ga(1) |
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about
1.I was in paris for about a month. 2.I was asleep until about 10 o'clock 3/4.I'ts about 9 hours by plane from tokyo to san francisco |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. goro-approximately (with a specific point of time) gurai-can freely replace kurai without a change in meaning kurai-approximate quantitiy or extent bakari/goro/gurai/kurai |
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across
We rowed across the river |
o(2)-indicates a space in/on/across/through/along
which s.o or s.t moves. o(2) |
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after
1.after the class i went to the library. 2.i left home after making a call to my friend |
ato de-some state or action takes place at a time
(not always immediately after another state or action has taken place. kara(2)-after/since a point in time at which s.t takes place. ato de/kara(2) |
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after all
1/2.after all, i decided not to go there |
kekkyoku-can replace yahari only when the latter means
"after all" yahari-an adverb indicating that an actual situation expectedly/anticipatively conforms to a standard base on past experience, comparision with other people, or common sense. kekkyoku/yahari |
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after that
i am very busy on monday, tuesday, and thursday, too |
sore kara-indicates 1-temporally contiguous actions or
states, or 2-a cumulative listings of objects, actions or states. sore kara |
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almost did s.t.
i almost forgot my homework |
tokoro da(2)-s.o/s.t is in a state where he/it is just about
to do s.t, is doing s.t, has done s.t, or has been doing s.t. tokoro da(2) |
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along
i walked along 5th avenue |
o(2)-indicates a space in/on/across/through/along
which s.o or s.t moves. o(2) |
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a lot of
1/3.there is a lot of snow in january 2.there are a lot of students in this room (human only) |
ooi-(of quantity or number) a lot
oozei-oozei iru can replace ooi if refering to people takusan-takusan aru/iru can replace ooi, it can also function by itself as an adverb. ooi/oozei/takusan/ |
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already
1.i have already eaten my lunch |
mou-s.o or s.t is no longer in the same state that he
or it was in some time ago. mou |
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also
1.Mr hart went to japan. Mr lewis also went to japan. 2.the older brother is good at tennis, and the younger brother is also good at it |
mo(1)-indicates that a proposition about the preceding
element X is also true when another similar proposition is true. yahari-an adverb indicating that an actual situation expectedly/anticipatively conforms to a standard base on past experience, comparision with other people, or common sense. mo(1)/yahari |
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althrough
1.althrough i dont like german very much, i have to study it. 2.although Mr Shimuzu is not good at golf, he loves it. 3.i didnt get tired although i walked for four hours. |
keredomo-a disjunctive sub conj that combines two S's
noni(1)-contrary to everybody's expectation based on the S preceding noni, the proposition in the S following noni is the case. te mo-te mo is used when that which is expressed in the main clause is not what is expected from the content of the dependent(te mo) clause. keredemo/noni(1)/te mo |
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and
1.Mr yamaguchi was ill and absented himself from school 2.i eat miso soup and rice every morning 3.i went to toyko today and i met my friend there. 4.this apartment is quiet and good. 5.i speak english and japanese. 6.i like bach, mozart and betthoven, among others. 7.mr yamamoto, mr smith and others are playing tennis. |
de(3)-indicates a weak casual relationship
ni<to1>-can be used to combine two or more objects that usually come as a set. soshite-a cord conj that connects two S's te-the te form to(1)-a prt which lists things exaustively toka-a conj that lists two or more items, actions or states as inexhaustive examples. ya-a cord conj that is used to list two or more items (nouns or NP's) in an inexhaustive fashion. de(3)/ni<to1>/soshite/te/to(1)/toka/ya |
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and so on
a lot of students from china, korea and so on come to this college. |
nado-a marker that indicates exemplification.
nado |
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and the like
in college i studied french and german and the like. |
nado-a marker that indicates exemplification.
nado |
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and then
i did my homework until 10 o'clock. and then, i went to the movie |
sore kara-indicates 1-temporally contiguous actions or
states, or 2-a cumulative listings of objects, actions or states. sore kara |
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and what is more
here it's hot in the summer, and whats more, its cold in the winter. |
shi-indicates "and" in an emphatic way
shi |
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any
I haven't got any money |
mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis
mo(2) |
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appear
1/2.Mr ueda appears to like boxing. |
souda(2)-indicates that what is expressed by the
preceding S is the speaker's conjecture concerning an event in the future or the present state of s.o or s.t, based on what the speaker sees or feels. youda-expresses the likelihood of s.t/s.o or the likeness of s.t/s.o to s.t/s.o souda(2)/youda |
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approximately
1.i was in paris for about a month 2/4.about how much was that car? 3.i cant walk as fast as you can. |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. gurai-can freely replace kurai without a change in meaning kurai-approximate quantitiy or extent hodo-indicates an extent or a degree to which s.o/s.t does s.t or is in some state. bakari/gurai/kurai/hodo |
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around
i was asleep until about 10 o'clock |
goro-approximately (with a specific point of time)
goro |
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as
1.im using this room as a storeroom. 2.please write it down as i tell you |
to shite-indicates the capicity, role or
function of s.o or s.t youni(2)-an adverbial form of youda to shite/youni(2) |
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as expected
1/2.as expected japanese beer is good |
yahari-an adverb indicating that an actual situation
expectedly/anticipatively conforms to a standard base on past experience, comparision with other people, or common sense. yappari-a more emphatic and emotive version of yahari yahari/yappari |
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as far as
it takes 3 hours by bullet train from toyko to kyoto. |
made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit
or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. made |
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as for
As for dessert, I'd better skip it today |
wa(1)-a prt which marks a topic or a contrastive element
wa(1) |
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as it is
i'll leave this place as it is. |
mama-an already given situation or condition
remains unaltered. mama |
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as many/much/long as ~
i know as many as 8000 kanji. |
mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis
mo(2) |
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at
1.we drank coffee at a coffee shop. 2.this concert will be over at ten o'clock 3.i get up at 6:30 every morning. 4.mr hill is at mr johnson's apartment now |
de(1)-indicates location, except for location of existence
de(4)-indicates the time when s.t terminates or the amount of time a period of activity has taken ni(1)-indicates a point of time at which s.t takes place. ni(6)-indicates the location where s.o or s.t exists de(1,4)/ni(1,6) |
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at the time when
hiroshi caught cold at exam time. |
toki-a dependent noun which indicates the time when
s.o/s.t will do/does s.t or the time when s.o/s.t will be/is/was in some state. toki |
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audible
that sound is too weak and is not audible |
kikoeru-s.t is passively and spontaneously audible.
kikoeru |
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be
1.there are two tv sets in my apartment. 2.there are pandas in this zoo. |
aru(1)-an inanimate thing exists
iru(1)-an animate thing exists aru(1)/iru(1) |
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be -able
i can read japanese |
rareru(2)-indicates potential
rareru(2) |
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be able to
1.mr johnson can write letters in japanese 2.i can read japanese |
koto ga dekiru-doing s.t is possible
rareru(2)-indicates potential koto ga dekiru/rareru(2) |
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be about to do s.t.
harue is just about to eat her supper. |
tokoro da(2)-s.o/s.t is in a state where he/it is
just about to do s.t, is doing s.t, has done s.t, or has been doing s.t. tokoro da(2) |
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because
1.please come tomorrow because im busy today. 2.how come you dont go there? cause im busy. 3.because i drank a lot of sake, i got sleepy. |
kara(3)-expresses a reason or a cause
mono(da)-the speaker presents some situation as if it were a tangible object. node-expresses a reason or cause kara(3)/mono(da)/node |
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because ~ not ~
i couldnt get up at 7 and was late for work. |
nakute-indicates a cause/reason for a state or action
nakute |
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because of
1/2. windows could not start because of a disk hardware failure. |
de(3)-indicates a weak casual relationship
tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a reason or a cause de(3)/tame (ni) |
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be done
its been told to john already. |
aru(2)-s.t has been done to s.t and the resultant state of
that action remains. aru(2) |
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be -ed
ichiro was decieved by hanako. |
rareru(1)-a state or an action cannot be controlled
by s.o or s.t rareru(1) |
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before
1.mr jackson studied nihongo before he went to nihon 2.there is s.t i want to tell you before i forget. |
mae ni-in front of or before some situation comes about
uchi ni-during a period when a certain situation remains in effect. mae ni/uchi ni |
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begin to
1.suddenly it began to rain. 2.i'll begin to write my paper tomorrow. 3.now i have begun to understand computers. |
dasu-s.t that has been latent is realized.
hajimeru-s.o/s.t begins to do s.t or begins to be in in some state. kuru(2)-indicates the beginning of some process or continuation of some action up to a current point of time. dasu/hajimeru/kuru(2) |
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be in a place where it
takes ~ to get to my school is in a place where it takes 30 mins to get to from home by bus. |
tokoro da(1)-a place is in a location which takes a
certain amount of time to get to. tokoro da(1) |
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be -ing
mr sasaki is drinking sake. |
iru(2)-s.o or s.t is doing s.t he or it started some time
ago, or is in a state created by an action he or it took some time ago. iru(2) |
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be in the midst of doing s.t.
harue is in the midst of eating her supper. |
tokoro da(1)-a place is in a location which takes a
certain amount of time to get to. tokoro da(2) |
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be like
that person looks like prof tanaka. |
youda-expresses the likelihood of s.t/s.o or the likeness
of s.t/s.o to s.t/s.o youda |
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be ready to do s.t.
mr matsuyama has just arrived in chicago now. |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. bakari |
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both ~ and ~
both mr tanaka and mr nakayama are working for a department store. |
mo ~ mo ~ the repeated use of a prt meaning "also" to
list elements belonging to the same part of speech. mo ~ mo ~ |
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but
1.john came but mary didnt. 2,3,4,5- all similar |
ga(2)-a disjunctive cord conj that combines two S's
others-expresses the same idea but daga dakedo demo and shikashi cannot make compound S's like ga does, they must occur at the beginning of a S. daga/dakedo/demo/ga(2)/ keredomo/shikashi |
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by
1.we came by taxi 2.i'll come home by 10 o'clock. 3.the child was scolded by it's mother |
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t
made (ni)-indicates a time limit on/for an action. ni(3)-indicates an agent or a source in passive, causative, morau/te morau and other recieving constructions. de(2)/made ni/ni(3) |
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by (the time when)
please read this book by the time school starts. |
made (ni)-indicates a time limit on/for an action.
made ni |
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called
i read a novel called snow country |
to iu-a phrse marking info which identifies or explains
the noun following the phrase. to iu |
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can do s.t.
1/2.mr johhson can write letters in nihongo. |
koto ga dekiru/rareru(2)
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can hear
i could hear the temple bell, but my brother couldnt. |
kikoeru-s.t is passively and spontaneously audible.
kikoeru |
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cannot do s.t.
you must not enter this room. |
wa ikenai-indicates prohibition
wa ikenai |
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can see
i can see distant objects well. |
mieru-s.o or s.t is passively/spontaneously visible.
mieru |
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come
mr tanaka will come to my home tomorrow. |
kuru(1)-s.o or s.t moves in a direction towards the
speaker or the speaker's viewpoint or area of empathy. kuru(1) |
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come about
suddenly while we were playing tennis, it began to rain. |
kuru(2)-indicates the beginning of some process or
continuation of some action up to a current point of time. kuru(2) |
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come to
suddenly while we were playing tennis, it began to rain. |
kuru(2)-indicates the beginning of some process or
continuation of some action up to a current point of time. kuru(2) |
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continue
i intend to keep reading 1 book a day from now on. |
iku(2)-some action or state keeps changing from the
point in time at which the speaker first describes the action. iku(2) |
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considering that
considering that he was a wrestler, he is small. |
ni shite wa-indicates a generally agreed upon
standard (the entire S that includes this phrase expresses some deviation from that standard.) ni shite wa |
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cost
about how much did it cost? |
suru(4)-indicates how much s.t costs or a
duration of time. suru(4) |
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decide on
i've decided on this apartment. |
ni suru-s.o has decided on s.t
ni suru |
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decide to do s.t
1/2.i decided to make a trip to hawaii this summer. |
koto ni kimeru-determine to do s.t(important
decision in a decisive manner) koto ni suru-a volitional decision to do s.t is made koto ni kimeru/koto ni suru |
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despite the fact that
in spite of the fact that mr hall is an american, he doesnt like meat. |
noni(1)-contrary to everybody's expectation based on the
S preceding noni, the proposition in the S following noni is the case. noni(1) |
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difficult to do s.t.
his name is hard to remember. |
nikui-s.t or s.o is hard to ~
nikui |
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dislike
i dont like cheese |
kiraida-s.t or s.o is what s.o does not like
kiraida |
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do
i am studying chinese. |
suru(1)-s.o/s.t causes a state or action to take place
suru(1) |
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do in such a way that
i'll make sure that i do exercises everyday. |
youni suru-s.o causes some circumstantial or
behavioral change to take place youni suru |
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do me or s.o. a favor by doing s.t.
my mother baked a cake for me. |
kureru(2)-s.o does s.t as a favor to the first person
or to s.o with whom the speaker empathizes kureru(2) |
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do not do ~ and ~
nancy went to school yesterday without eating her breakfast. |
nai de-neg te form of a verb
nai de |
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don't do s.t.
1.dont come home any more! 2.you must not enter this room. |
na-a neg imperative marker used by a male speaker
in very informal speech wa ikenai-indicates prohibition na/wa ikenai |
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do s.o. a favor by doing s.t.
mr tanaka lent a book to mr smith. |
ageru(2)-s.o gives some action as a favor to a
person who is not a member of the giver's in-group but whose status is about equal to that of the giver ageru(2) |
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do s.t. and see
i will read nihongo novels to see what they are like. |
miru-do s.t to see what it's like or what will happen
miru |
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do s.t. for s.o.
i consoled haruko. |
ageru(2)-s.o gives some action as a favor to a
person who is not a member of the giver's in-group but whose status is about equal to that of the giver ageru(2) |
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do s.t. too much
mr wilson eats too much meat. |
sugiru-s.o/s.t does s.t excessively or is in a state
excessively sugiru |
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do things like ~ and ~
we did things like singing and dancing. |
~ tari ~ tari suru-expresses an inexhaustive listing of
actions or states ~ tari ~ tari suru |
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due to
my father was hospitalized due to a traffic accident. |
de(3)-indicates a weak casual relationship
de(3) |
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during(the time when)
1.while i was eating my meak, mr yamada came in. 2.he frequently asked questions during the class. 3.my stomach started to ache while i was running. |
aida (ni)-the space between two temporal
physical points chuu(ni)-naka with ni particle uchi ni-during a period when a certain situation remains in effect. aida (ni)/chuu(ni)/uchi ni |
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easy to
this kanji is easy to memorize. |
yasui-s.t or s.o is easy to ~
yasui |
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either
you cant buy fresh fish in this town. You cant buy it in the next either. |
mo(1)-indicates that a proposition about the preceding
element X is also true when another similar proposition is true. mo(1) |
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either ~ or ~
it's either that this book is wrong or that i am wrong. |
soretomo-a cord conj which connects two alternatives
expressed by S's soretomo |
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even
1.even a teacher makes mistakes. 2.he even likes snakes, not to mention rats. 3.i dont even know one kanji. |
demo-the te-form of desu plus mo "even"
made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis demo/made/mo(2) |
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even if
1.even if i tell him that, he wont understand it. 2.ill go there even if it rains. |
tatte-even if s.o did s.t or s.t were in some state (the
desired result would not come about) or even if s.o or s.t is in some state te mo-te mo is used when that which is expressed in the main clause is not what is expected from the content of the dependent(te mo) clause. tatte/te mo |
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even though
althrough mr shimizu is not good at golf, he loves it. |
noni(1)-contrary to everybody's expectation based on the
S preceding noni, the proposition in the S following noni is the case. noni(1) |
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every
1.this train stops at every other station. 2.i swim one mile every day 3.this train stops at every third station. |
goto ni-s.t takes place regularly in succession after
a certain temporal or spatial interval mai-a prefix which means "every (unit of time)" oki ni-s.t is repeated at certain intervals goto ni/mai-/oki ni |
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exist
1.the eiffil tower is paris. 2.lee is in this dorm. |
aru(1)-an inanimate thing exists
iru(1)-an animate thing exists aru(1)/iru(1) |
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feel
this cloth feels rough. |
suru(3)-s.t is perceived by s.o's non-visual senses
suru(3) |
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feel like
it looks like it will rain. |
souda(2)-indicates that what is expressed by the
preceding S is the speaker's conjecture concerning an event in the future or the present state of s.o or s.t, based on what the speaker sees or feels. souda(2) |
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few
1.there are few crimes in nihon. 2.the money i possess is very little. |
sukunai-small in number or quantity
wazuka-insignificant number or amount of ~ used before a noun or in a predicate position or as an adverb sukunai/wazuka |
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finish doing s.t.
1.i finally finished writing a paper. 2.Mr ikeda finished reading the book in 3 days. |
-owaru-finish doing ~
shimau-indicates the completion of an action -owaru/shimau |
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for
1.larry brought this chair for 10 dollars. 2.i often write letters to my mother. 3.for august it is cool, isnt it. 4.this steak is inexpensive for japanese steak. |
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t
ni(2)-an indirect object marker ni shite wa-indicates a generally agreed upon standard (the entire S that includes this phrase expresses some deviation from that standard.) to shite wa-a compound prt which indicates a standard for comparisons de(2)/ni(2)/ni shite wa/ to shite wa |
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~ for example
among nihonjin foods i like things like sushi and tempura. |
nado-a marker that indicates exemplification.
nado |
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for the purpose of ~
1.i use a dictionary to read japanese newspapers 2.it was for the purpose of buying perfume that i went to france. |
noni(2)-in the process or for the purpose of doing s.t
expressed in the no-nominalized clause tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a reason or a cause noni(2)/tame (ni) |
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for the sake of ~
im swimming every day in the pool in order to strengthen my body. |
tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a
reason or a cause tame (ni) |
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from
1.we made tofu from soybeans. 2.this bus came from new york. 3.jane took lessons in flower arranging from mr yamano. |
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t
kara(1)-indicates a starting point or source ni(3)-indicates an agent or a source in passive, causative, morau/te morau and other recieving constructions. de(2)/kara(1)/ni(3) |
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get
i got a book from mr tanaka. |
morau(1)-the first person or s.o the speaker
empathizes with receives s.t from s.o whose status is not as high as the reciever's morau(1) |
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get -ed
i got my cake eaten by my brother. |
rareru(1)-a state or an action cannot be controlled
by s.o or s.t rareru(1) |
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get s.o to do s.t
my friend made me pay a tip. |
saseru-cause s.o/s.t to do s.t or cause s.t to
change its state saseru |
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get to know
do you know chinese? |
shiru-s.o gets info from some outside source.
shiru |
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give
1.i gave yoshiko flowers. 2.Mr okawa gave me a book. |
ageru(1)-s.o gives s.t to a person who is not a
member of the giver's in-group but whose status is about equal to that of the giver kureru(1)-s.o whose status is not higher than the speaker's gives s.t to the first person or to s.o with whom the speaker empathizes. ageru(1)/kureru(1) |
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go
i went from toyko to osaka by bus. |
iku(1)-s.o or s.t moves in a direction away from the
speaker or the speaker's viewpoint iku(1) |
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go ahead and do s.t.
since we are having a party tomorrow, i bought some beer for it.. |
oku-do s.t in advance for future convenience
oku |
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go on -ing
i went on taking notes on things i didnt understand. |
iku(2)-some action or state keeps changing from the
point in time at which the speaker first describes the action. iku(2) |
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grow
i've started to gain weight these days. |
kuru(2)-indicates the beginning of some process or
continuation of some action up to a current point of time. kuru(2) |
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had better do s.t.
you'd better read japanese books. |
hou ga ii-it is strongly suggested that s.o do s.t
hou ga ii |
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hard to do s.t.
this book is very hard to read. |
nikui-s.t or s.o is hard to ~
nikui |
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have
1.in this town are 3 universites. 2.yoko has long legs. 3.elephants have long trunks. |
aru(1)-an inanimate thing exists
suru(2)-s.o or s.t has some (semi)permanent attribute ~ wa ~ ga-a construction which relates a noncontrollable state of s.t or s.o to a topic aru(1)/suru(2)/~ wa ~ ga |
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have been done
the window is open. |
aru(2)-s.t has been done to s.t and the resultant state of
that action remains. aru(2) |
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have done s.t.
1.Mr sasaki is drinking sake. 2.i have been to europe. 3.Mr. ikeda finished reading the book in 3 days. |
iru(2)-s.o or s.t is doing s.t he or it started some time
ago, or is in a state created by an action he or it took some time ago. koto ga aru(1)-there was a time when ~ shimau-indicates the completion of an action iru(2)/koto ga aru(1)/shimau |
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have just done s.t.
1/2.i have just eaten my lunch. |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. tokoro da(2)-s.o/s.t is in a state where he/it is just about to do s.t, is doing s.t, has done s.t, or has been doing s.t. bakari/tokoro da(2) |
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have s.o./s.t. do s.t.
1.my father bought a camera for me. 2.my friend made me leave a tip. |
morau(2)- the first person or s.o the speaker
empathizes with recieves some benefit from an action by s.o whose status is not as high as the reciever's saseru-cause s.o/s.t to do s.t or cause s.t to change its state morau(2)/saseru |
|
|
have s.t. done by s.o
my father bought a camera for me. |
morau(2)- the first person or s.o the speaker
empathizes with recieves some benefit from an action by s.o whose status is not as high as the reciever's morau(2) |
|
|
have to
|
nai to ikenai/nakereba ikenai/
nakereba naranai/ nakute wa ikenai/ nakute wa naranai/ neba naranai |
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|
hear
i heard children's voices. |
suru(3)-s.t is perceived by s.o's non-visual senses
suru(3) |
|
|
how
how's your mother? |
dou-an interrogative adverb which asks about the state
of s.o/s.t or the way of doing s.t dou |
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|
how could ~!
how could you do such a foolish thing. |
mono(da)-the speaker presents some situation as if it
were a tangible object. mono (da) |
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|
how to
1.please teach me a method of studying nihongo. 2.please show me how to make a cake. |
houhou-a relatively complicated way of doing s.t
"method" -kata-indicates a way or a manner in which one does st houhou/-kata |
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|
i expect that ~
i expect that mr. clark will go to the party. |
hazu-a dependent noun which expresses the
speaker's expectation that s.t will take place or took place or that s.o/s.t is or was in some state. hazu |
|
|
if
1.if you take this medicine, you will get well 2.i cannot remember if i lent kenji some money. 3.if you go to chicago, go by bus 4.if you dont like it, please leave it. 5.if you are a student, there is a discount. |
ba-indicates that the preceding clause expresses
a condition ka(2)-indicates that the preceding S is interrogative nara-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's supposition about the truth of a present or past fact or the actualization of s.t in the future tara-indicates that the action/state expresseed by the main clause in a S takes place after the action/state expressed by the sub clause to(4)-marks a condition that brings about an noncontrollabe event or state ba/ka(2)/nara/tara/to(4) |
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|
if it is the case that ~
if it is that expensive, I cant buy it. |
nara-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's
supposition about the truth of a present or past fact or the actualization of s.t in the future nara |
|
|
if it is true that ~
if it is true that matsuda will come, I wont go. |
nara-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's
supposition about the truth of a present or past fact or the actualization of s.t in the future nara |
|
|
if (or not)
i dont know whether or not mr suzuki entered college. |
ka(dou ka)-a marker for an embedded yes-no question
ka(dou ka) |
|
|
i hear/heard that ~
i heard that meat in japan is very expensive. |
souda(1)-an auxiliary which indicates that the info
expressed by the preceding S is what the speaker heard souda(1) |
|
|
i tell you
is nihongo interesting? Yes, its very interesting, i tell you. |
yo-indicates the speaker's strong conviction or assertion
about s.t that is assumed to be known only to him yo |
|
|
in
1.in australia it is summer in december. 2.my passport expires in june. 3.tanaka met his wife when he was in college. 4.there is a chinese student in my class. 5.john swam in the water. |
de(1)-indicates location, except for location of existence
de(4)-indicates the time when s.t terminates or the amount of time a period of activity has taken. ni(1)-indicates a point of time at which s.t takes place. ni(6)-indicates the location where s.o or s.t exists o(2)-indicates a space in/on/across/through/along which s.o or s.t moves. de(1,4)/ni(1,6)/o(2) |
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|
indeed ~ (but ~)
i do play tennis, but i am not good at it. |
~ koto wa(~ ga)-speaking of proposition X, X is
certainly true ~ koto wa(~ ga) |
|
|
indeed s.o. does s.t. alright (but ~)
i do play tennis, but i am not good at it. |
~ koto wa(~ ga)-speaking of proposition X, X is
certainly true ~ koto wa(~ ga) |
|
|
in front of
there is a tobacco shop in front of the station. |
mae ni-in front of or before some situation comes about
mae ni |
|
|
-ing
1.writing a novel is hard. 2.teaching japanese is difficult. 3.taking off my coat, i hung it on a hangar. |
koto(2)-a nominalizer used to indicate the speaker's
relative lack of empathy with the content of the S he is nominalizing no(3)-a nominalizer which is used when the nominalized S expresses a directly perceptible event te-the te form koto(2)/no(3)/te |
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|
in order to do s.t.
1/2.i use a dictionary to read japanese newspapers. |
noni(2)-in the process or for the purpose of doing s.t
expressed in the no-nominalized clause tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a reason or a cause noni(2)/tame ni |
|
|
in place of
i taught in place of my teacher. |
kawari ni-s.t (including an action) replaces s.t else
kawari ni |
|
|
in spite of the fact that~
in spite of the fact that this steak is expensive, it isnt delicous. |
noni(1)-contrary to everybody's expectation based on the
S preceding noni, the proposition in the S following noni is the case. noni(1) |
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|
in such a way that
please write neatly so that i can read it. |
youni(1)-do s.t in such a way that
youni(1) |
|
|
instead of
i bought sake instead of beer. |
kawari ni-s.t (including an action) replaces s.t else
kawari ni |
|
|
intend to
1.i intend to get married next year. 2.i think i will read japanese history books. |
tsumori da-an intention or conviction of a speaker
(or a person with whom the speaker can empathize) about his future or past actions or current state you to omou-the speaker desires or decides to do s.t tsumori da/you to omou |
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|
in that case
A how long did you stay in japan? B three years. A then you must know a lot about japan. |
sore nara-if that is the case,
sore nara |
|
|
in the process of doing s.t.
i am using the bus and the train to get to work. |
noni(2)-in the process or for the purpose of doing s.t
expressed in the no-nominalized clause noni(2) |
|
|
isn't it?/is it?/etc
today is a fine day isn't it. |
ne-indicates the speaker's request for confirmation
or agreement from the hearer about some shared knowledge ne |
|
|
it is all right if ~
may i use this chair? |
te mo ii-a phrase which expresses permission
or concession te mo ii |
|
|
it is expected that ~
i expect that book was expensive. |
hazu-a dependent noun which expresses the
speaker's expectation that s.t will take place or took place or that s.o/s.t is or was in some state hazu |
|
|
it is natural that ~
when a man has killed another it is natural that he should be killed. |
hazu-a dependent noun which expresses the
speaker's expectation that s.t will take place or took place or that s.o/s.t is or was in some state hazu |
|
|
it is that ~
A why dont you drink sake? B im still seventeen. |
~ no da-indicates that the speaker is explaining or
asking for an explanation about some info shared with the hearer, or is talking about s.t emotively, as if it were of common interest to the speaker and hearer ~ no da |
|
|
it is ~ that ~
it is tv that my father hates. |
~ no wa ~ da-a stucture that indicates new, important
info by placing it between no wa and the copula da(no2 is an indefinite pronoun that replaces "time","person" "thing","place", or "reason" ~ no wa ~ da |
|
|
it will be decided that ~
it has been decided that i will be employed at a company beginning next month. |
koto ni naru-an event takes place as if spontaneously,
irrespective of the speaker's volition koto ni naru |
|
|
i wonder
i wonder if mr tanaka will come. |
kashira-expresses the idea that the female speaker
wonders about s.t kashira |
|
|
just
1.dennis is drinking only beer. 2.only mr smith came. |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. dake-expresses a limit imposed upon s.t that is growing and expanding bakari/dake |
|
|
leave
since im going to japan next year, i will study a little japanese ahead of time. |
oku-do s.t in advance for future convenience
oku |
|
|
leave as it is
i'll leave this place as it is. |
mama-an already given situation or condition
remains unaltered. mama |
|
|
let's do s.t.
let's go to a movie. |
mashou-indicates the first person's volition or
invitation in formal speech mashou |
|
|
let s.o/s.t. do s.t.
i think i'll let jim win this game. |
saseru-cause s.o/s.t to do s.t or cause s.t to
change its state saseru |
|
|
like
1.i like steak. 2.dogs are cute, just like cats. |
sukida-s.t or s.o is what s.o likes
youni(2)-an adverbial form of youda sukida/youni(2) |
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|
little
1.there are few crimes in japan. 2.the money i possess is very little. |
sukunai-small in number or quantity
wazuka-insignificant number or amount of ~ used before a noun or in a predicate position or as an adverb sukunai/wazuka/ |
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|
look
it looks like it will rain. |
souda(2)-indicates that what is expressed by the
preceding S is the speaker's conjecture concerning an event in the future or the present state of s.o or s.t, based on what the speaker sees or feels. souda(2) |
|
|
look as if
it seems that this place used to be a school. |
youda-expresses the likelihood of s.t/s.o or the likeness
of s.t/s.o to s.t/s.o youda |
|
|
look like
1.this neighborhood seems very quiet. 2.it looks like it will rain. 3.that person looks like mr tanaka. |
rashii-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's
conjecture based on what he has heard, read or seen souda(2)-indicates that what is expressed by the preceding S is the speaker's conjecture concerning an event in the future or the present state of s.o or s.t, based on what the speaker sees or feels. youda-expresses the likelihood of s.t/s.o or the likeness of s.t/s.o to s.t/s.o rashii/souda(2)/youda |
|
|
make it
i've decided on this apartment. |
ni suru-s.o has decided on s.t
ni suru |
|
|
make s.o./s.t. do s.t.
my friend made me leave a tip. |
saseru-cause s.o/s.t to do s.t or cause s.t to
change its state saseru |
|
|
manner of
i dont know how to write this kanji. |
-kata-indicates a way or a manner in which one
does st -kata |
|
|
many
1/3.there are many temples in kyoto. 2.there are lots of students in this room. |
ooi-(of quantity or number) a lot
oozei-oozei iru can replace ooi if refering to people takusan-takusan aru/iru can replace ooi, it can also function by itself as an adverb ooi/oozei/takusan |
|
|
may
A may i smoke here? B yes you may. |
te mo ii-a phrase which expresses permission
or concession te mo ii |
|
|
might
it might rain in the afternoon. |
kamoshirenai-cant tell if ~
kamoshirenai |
|
|
more ~ than ~
i eat more than ms ueda does. |
hou ga ~yori-in comparing two entities, one is in
some state or does s.t more than the other hou ga ~ yori |
|
|
most
mr okawa is the most reliable. |
ichiban-a superlative marker (most)
ichiban |
|
|
Mr./mrs./miss/ms.
|
-sama-indicates the speaker's/writers politeness
towards s.o -san-the informal version of -sama and therefore less honorific and more intimate -sama/-san |
|
|
much
1/2.there is a lot of snow in january. |
ooi-(of quantity or number) a lot
takusan-takusan aru/iru can replace ooi, it can also function by itself as an adverb. ooi/takusan |
|
|
must be
mr bailey must be good at tennis. |
ni chigainai-the speaker is convinced that there is
no mistake on his part in guessing s.t ni chigainai |
|
|
must do s.t.
libraries have to be quiet. |
nakereba naranai-it wont due if s.o does not take
some action or if s.o or s.t is not in some state nakereba naranai |
|
|
must not do s.t.
you must not enter this room. |
wa ikenai-indicates prohibition
wa ikenai |
|
|
need
i need money now. |
iru(3)-s.o or s.t needs s.t
iru(3) |
|
|
neither ~ nor ~
this house is neither big nor small. |
mo ~ mo ~ the repeated use of a prt meaning "also" to
list elements belonging to the same part of speech. ~ mo ~ mo(~ nai) |
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|
-ness
1.the freshness of the fruit was good. 2.im looking forward to it. |
-sa-a suffix that makes a noun out of an adj by
attaching it to the stem of an adj(i) or much less frequently to the stem of an adj(na) -mi-another noun forming suffix but more emotive and concrete characterization of some state -sa/-mi |
|
|
no ~ but
no one but mr toda smokes. |
shika-marks an element X when nothing but X
makes the expressed proposition true shika |
|
|
no matter wh-
he will eat anything, even if its raw. |
demo-the te-form of desu plus mo "even"
demo |
|
|
(not) any
i dont know even one kanji. |
mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis
mo(2) |
|
|
(not) any longer
mr hill is not studying japanese any longer. |
mou-s.o or s.t is no longer in the same state that he
or it was in some time ago. mou |
|
|
(not) ~ anymore
1.i wont drink sake anymore. 2.pat doesn't talk with me any more. 3.i cannot even write easy kanji anymore. |
mou (nai)/(nai)
youni naru/naku naru |
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|
(not) as ~ as
i'm not as strong as ken. |
hodo-indicates an extent or a degree to which s.o/s.t
does s.t or is in some state. hodo |
|
|
(not) ~ either
you cant buy fish in this town. You cant buy it in the next town either. |
mo(1)-indicates that a proposition about the preceding
element X is also true when another similar proposition is true. mo(1) |
|
|
(not) even (one)
i dont know even one kanji. |
mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis
mo(2) |
|
|
not only ~ but also
he not only studies hard, but also plays a lot. |
~dake de (wa) naku ~ mo-not only X but also Y,
where X and Y can be either a N,V, or adj ~dake de (wa) naku ~ mo |
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|
(not) very (much)
1/2.this book is not very good. |
amari-the degree of s.t is not great
anmari-a phonological variant of amari and usually used in conversation amari/anmari |
|
|
(not) yet
i have not been to japan yet. |
mada-s.o or s.t is in some state he or it was in
some time ago mada |
|
|
no wonder
|
wake da-the speaker's conclusion obtained through
deductive, logical judgement or calculation on the basis of what he has heard or read wake da |
|
|
now
haruo is all right now. |
mou-s.o or s.t is no longer in the same state that he
or it was in some time ago. mou |
|
|
of
a teacher of japanese. |
no(1)-a prt which, with a preceding NP, forms a
phrase to modify a following NP no(1) |
|
|
on
1.helen sang on the stage for the first time. 2.i saw the movie on tv. 3.the spring term ends on may 10. |
de(1)-indicates location, except for location of existence
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t de(4)-indicates the time when s.t terminates or the amount of time a period of activity has taken. de(1,2,4) |
|
|
one
i bought a big one. |
no(2)-a dependent indefinite pronoun
no(2) |
|
|
only
1.dennis is drinking only beer. 2.only mr smith came. 3.i had only one bowl of rice. |
bakari-indicates that s.t is the only thing or state
which exist, or the only action s.o will take, takes, is taking or took. dake-expresses a limit imposed upon s.t that is growing and expanding shika-marks an element X when nothing but X makes the expressed proposition true bakari/dake/shika |
|
|
onto
a child has drawn a picture on the paper. |
ni(4)-indicates the surface of s.t upon which some
action directly takes place ni(4) |
|
|
out of
sake is made out of rice. |
kara(1)-indicates a starting point or source
kara(1) |
|
|
or
1.i will go either by train or by bus. 2.is he a teacher or a doctor? |
ka(1)-marks an alternative
soretomo-a cord conj which connects two alternatives expressed by S's ka(1)/soretomo |
|
|
over
cranes are flying over the lake. |
o(2)-indicates a space in/on/across/through/along
which s.o or s.t moves. o(2) |
|
|
owing to
he was kept in after school owing to his bad behavior. |
tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a
reason or a cause tame (ni) |
|
|
own
1/2.mike is always studying in his own dorm room. |
jibun(1)-a reflexive pronoun that refers (back) to a
human subject with whom the speaker is empathizing jibun(2)-a reflexive pronoun that refers (back) to a human subject, the regerent of which is contrasted with s.o else jibun(1,2) |
|
|
per
the car is moving at 20 miles per hour. |
mai-a prefix which means "every (unit of time)"
mai- |
|
|
play
bill is going to play hamlet. |
suru(1)-s.o/s.t causes a state or action to take place
suru(1) |
|
|
please do s.t.
please dont call me late at night. |
kudasai-indicates a polite request
kudasai |
|
|
probably
that apartment is probably exspensive. |
darou-an auxiliary indicating the speaker's conjecture
which is not based on any particular info or evidence. darou |
|
|
rather ~ than ~
I'd rather stay home than go on a trip. |
yori-indicates s.t/s.o is being compared with s.t/s.o
yori(1) |
|
|
reach the point where ~
mr jackson has finally reached the point where he can speak japanese. |
youni naru-some change takes place gradually
youni naru |
|
|
recieve
i got a book from mr tanaka. |
morau(1)-the first person or s.o the speaker
empathizes with receives s.t from s.o whose status is not as high as the reciever's morau(1) |
|
|
's
this is my teacher's book. |
no(1)-a prt which, with a preceding NP, forms a
phrase to modify a following NP no(1) |
|
|
seem
1.that story seems true. 2.it seems that this place used to be a school. |
rashii-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's
conjecture based on what he has heard, read or seen youda-expresses the likelihood of s.t/s.o or the likeness of s.t/s.o to s.t/s.o rashii/youda |
|
|
shall i/we do s.t.?
shall we go by car? |
mashou-indicates the first person's volition or
invitation in formal speech mashou |
|
|
should
1.with an early start, they should be here by noon. 2.when you visit s.o, you should take a gift with you. 3.you'd better eat vegetables, too. |
hazu-a dependent noun which expresses the
speaker's expectation that s.t will take place or took place or that s.o/s.t is or was in some state. mono(da)-the speaker presents some situation as if it were a tangible object. hou ga ii-it is strongly suggested that s.o do s.t hazu/mono(da)/~ hou ga ii |
|
|
should not do s.t.
you should not enter this room. |
wa ikenai-indicates prohibition
wa ikenai |
|
|
show signs of ~
my child wants to go to sleep. |
garu-an aux verb attached to a psychological
or physiological adj meaning a person other than the speaker shows signs of ~ -garu |
|
|
since
1.it's already been 10 years since we bought this house 2/3.I have loved you since I first met you. |
kara(2)-after/since a point in time at which s.t
takes place. kara(3)-expresses a reason or a cause node-expresses a reason or cause kara(2,3)/node |
|
|
smell
this smells funny. |
suru(3)-s.t is perceived by s.o's non-visual senses
suru(3) |
|
|
so
1.haruko is 17, so she cant drink sake yet? 2.my room is quiet, so i can study there well. 3.a had a cold yesterday. so i took a day off. |
kara(3)-expresses a reason or a cause
node-expresses a reason or cause sore de-a conj to indicate that what is stated in the preceding S is the reason or cause for what is stated in the following S kara(3)/node/sore de |
|
|
sometimes ~ and sometimes ~
steaks at this restaurant are sometimes big and sometimes small. |
~ tari ~ tari suru-expresses an inexhaustive listing of
actions or states ~ tari ~ tari suru |
|
|
so that
please write neatly so that i can read it. |
youni(1)-do s.t in such a way that
youni(1) |
|
|
speaking of ~
1.speaking of mr tanaka, i wonder if he's gotton over his illness yet. 2.speaking of kanji, they are interesting, i tell you. 3.i am a student. |
to ieba-an expression which presents as the topic of a
following discourse a phrase which has just been uttered tte(1)-a colloquial topic-introducer wa(1)-a prt which marks a topic or a contrastive element to ieba/tte(1)/wa(1) |
|
|
start to do s.t.
1.the car started to move. 2.now i have begun to understand computers. |
dasu-s.t that has been latent is realized.
kuru(2)-indicates the beginning of some process or continuation of some action up to a current point of time. dasu/kuru(2) |
|
|
still
1.mr kimura is still eating his lunch. 2.yukuko is still pretty. |
mada-s.o or s.t is in some state he or it was in
some time ago yahari-an adverb indicating that an actual situation expectedly/anticipatively conforms to a standard base on past experience, comparision with other people, or common sense. mada/yahari |
|
|
store
|
-ya-a suffix attached to names of stores,inns and
japanese-style restaurants or to persons engaged in certain occupations -ya |
|
|
take the trouble of doing s.t.
1.i appreciate your most kind offer, but i'm too busy to go there today. 2.thanks for your trouble in bringing it to me. |
sekkaku-some situation which seldom occurs has
now occurred and one can either make use of it or to ones regret, cannot make use of it wazawaza-intentionally take the trouble to do s.t, althrough it is not necessary to do so sekkaku/wazawaza |
|
|
tell to do s.t.
the teacher told his students to do homework. |
youni iu-tell s.o in such a way that he will do s.t
youni iu |
|
|
than
japanese is more interesting than spanish. |
yori-indicates s.t/s.o is being compared with s.t/s.o
yori |
|
|
that's all
i went to japan only once. |
dake-expresses a limit imposed upon s.t that
is growing and expanding dake |
|
|
the
there are two universities in this town. |
wa(1)-a prt which marks a topic or a contrastive element
wa(1) |
|
|
then
1.A this orange is not sweet. B how about this one then. 2.yesterday i drank with my friend for about two hours and then went home. 3.then i must be going now. 4.i bought a bike. then, my younger brother wanted one, too. |
sore de wa-if that is the case,
sore kara-indicates 1-temporally contiguous actions or states, or 2-a cumulative listings of objects, actions or states. sore nara-if that is the case, suru to-a cord conj which connects two S's (the second S either describes an event which takes place right after the event described in the first S or it expresses a logical guess related to the event in the first S sore de wa/sore kara/ sore nara/suru to |
|
|
there are times when ~
there are times when takashi goes to school without eating breakfast. |
koto ga aru(2)-there are times when ~
koto ga aru(2) |
|
|
there was a time when ~
there was a time when lettuce was very expensive. |
koto ga aru(1)-there was a time when ~
koto ga aru(1) |
|
|
therefore
He blushes,therefore he is guilty. |
sore de-a conj to indicate that what is stated in the
preceding S is the reason or cause for what is stated in the following S sore de |
|
|
thing
1.ill tell you a good thing. 2.did you see that thing. |
koto(1)-a thing which is intangible
mono-tangible object koto(1)/mono |
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things like
among japanese foods i like things like sushi and tempura. |
nado-a marker that indicates exemplification.
nado |
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think ~ will
i think i will buy that. |
you to omou-the speaker desires or decides to do s.t
you to omou |
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though
although i didnt tell him, tom knew. |
keredomo-a disjunctive sub conj that combines two S's
keredomo |
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through
1.lets go home through the park. 2.americans work every week from monday through friday. |
o(2)-indicates a space in/on/across/through/along
which s.o or s.t moves. made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. o(2)/made |
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till
please wait at home until i get there. |
made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit
or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. made |
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to(infinitive)
1.it is important to make good friends when one is young. 2.going to japan is easy. |
koto(2)-a nominalizer used to indicate the speaker's
relative lack of empathy with the content of the S he is nominalizing no(3)-a nominalizer which is used when the nominalized S expresses a directly perceptible event koto(2)/no(3) |
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to
1/3.i came all the way to tokyo 2.i often write letters to my mother. |
e-indicates the direction toward which some directional
movement or action proceeds ni(2)-an indirect object marker ni(7)-indicates a place toward which s.o or s.t moves e/ni(2,7) |
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to do s.t.
1.i went to a department store to buy a gift. 2.mr jackson went to germany for the purpose of research. 3.it took me a month to write this paper. |
ni(5)-a particle which indicates purpose when s.o
moves from one place to another tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a reason or a cause noni(2)-in the process or for the purpose of doing s.t expressed in the no-nominalized clause ni(5)/tame ni/noni(2) |
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to make up for
i taught him english so to make it for it he taught me japanese. |
kawari ni-s.t (including an action) replaces s.t else
kawari ni |
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to the extent that
i cant walk as fast as you can. |
hodo-indicates an extent or a degree to which s.o/s.t
does s.t or is in some state. hodo |
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too
1.i speak spanish too. 2.mr wilson eats too much meat. |
mo(1)-indicates that a proposition about the preceding
element X is also true when another similar proposition is true. sugiru-s.o/s.t does s.t excessively or is in a state excessively mo(1)/sugiru |
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towards
1/2.i went on a trip to toyko last week |
e-indicates the direction toward which some directional
movement or action proceeds ni(7)-indicates a place toward which s.o or s.t moves e/ni(7) |
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try to do s.t.
1/2.i will read japanese novels |
miru-do s.t to see what it's like or what will happen
you to suru-try to do s.t miru/you to suru |
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unbearably
it is unbearably hot today. |
tamaranai-the speaker or whomever he empathizes
with cannot cope with a situation expressed by the -te phase tamaranai |
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unchanged
i brought beer but i didnt drink it. |
mama-an already given situation or condition
remains unaltered. mama |
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understand
i dont understand this word. |
wakaru-can figure out (spontaneously) various facts
such as content,nature,value,meaning,cause,reason, result, about s.t whose existence is presupposed wakaru |
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until
please wait home until i get there. |
made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit
or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. made |
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up to
1.this hall can hold up to 2000 people. 2.there are up to 20 lessons in this textbook, but this semester will stop at lesson 10. |
made-indicates a spatial, temporal or quantitive limit
or an unexpected animate/inanimate object. made de-s.t continues until/up to X (and stops at X, although it can continue beyond X) made/made de |
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used to
i used to see movies a lot. |
mono(da)-the speaker presents some situation as if it
were a tangible object. mono da |
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using
i turned the channel using the remote. |
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t
de(2) |
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visible
from the window the ocean is visible. |
mieru-s.o or s.t is passively/spontaneously visible.
mieru |
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want s.o to do s.t.
i want you to teach me english. |
hoshii(2)-want s.o (who is not higher in status than
the speaker) to do s.t hoshii(2) |
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want s.t.
i want a car. |
hoshii(1)-s.t is desired by the speaker
hoshii(1) |
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want to do s.t.
i want to go to japan. |
-tai-expresses a desire to do s.t
-tai |
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way of
please show me how to make a cake. |
-kata-indicates a way or a manner in which one
does st -kata |
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what
please tell me what you wrote in your thesis. |
koto(1)-a thing which is intangible
koto(1) |
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what about doing s.t.?
why dont you read more japanese books? |
~ tara dou desu ka-a phrase which expresses a
suggestion ~ tara dou desu ka |
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when
1.when i asked my teacher, i understood it right away. 2.i understood it immediately when i asked my teacher. 3.i read only when its quiet. |
tara-indicates that the action/state expresseed by the
main clause in a S takes place after the action/state expressed by the sub clause to(4)-marks a condition that brings about an noncontrollabe event or state toki-a dependent noun which indicates the time when s.o/s.t will do/does s.t or the time when s.o/s.t will be/is/was in some state. tara/to(4)/toki |
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whether
is yoshiko going to college? |
ka(2)-indicates that the preceding S is interrogative
ka(2) |
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whether or not
do you know if mr tanaka is married or not? |
ka(dou ka)-a marker for an embedded yes-no question
ka (dou ka) |
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while
1.mr takahashi learned golf while he was in america. 2.it is dangerous to read while walking. 3.read many books while your young. |
aida (ni)-the space between two temporal
physical points nagara-a conj which indicates that the action expressed by the preceding verb takes place concurrently or simultaneously with the action expressed in the main clause uchi ni-during a period when a certain situation remains in effect. aida (ni)/nagara/uchi (ni) |
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why dont you do s.t.?
why dont you read more japanese books? |
~ tara dou desu ka-a phrase which expresses a
suggestion ~ tara dou desu ka |
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(i/we) will do s.t.
i will talk to him. |
mashou-indicates the first person's volition or
invitation in formal speech mashou |
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(i)wish ~ had done s.t.
i wish i had asked my teacher. |
-ba yokatta-a phrase which expresses the
speaker's regret -ba yokatta |
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with
1.we made cookies with cookie dough. 2.tom often plays tennis with john. |
de(2)-indicates the use of s.t for doing s.t
to(2)-a prt marking the NP which maintains a reciprocal relationship with the subject of the clause de(2)/to(2) |
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with effort
1.i entered a good college with great effort, so i intend to study hard 2.thanks for your trouble in bringing it to me. |
sekkaku-some situation which seldom occurs has
now occurred and one can either make use of it or to ones regret, cannot make use of it wazawaza-intentionally take the trouble to do s.t, althrough it is not necessary to do so sekkaku/wazawaza |
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without doing s.t.
1/2.nancy went to school yesterday without eating her breakfast. |
nai de-neg te form of a verb
zu ni-can replace nai de if de of nai de retains the original meaning of "and" nai de/zu ni |
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would
if it is mr tanaka he probably would know about it. |
nara-indicates that the preceding S is the speaker's
supposition about the truth of a present or past fact or the actualization of s.t in the future nara |
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would like to do s.t.
i want to drink cold beer. |
-tai-expresses a desire to do s.t
-tai |
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yet
1.i have not been to japan yet. 2.have you done your homework yet? |
mada-s.o or s.t is in some state he or it was in
some time ago mou-s.o or s.t is no longer in the same state that he or it was in some time ago. mada/mou |
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you know
1.today is a fine day, isnt it? 2.mr tanaka doesnt smoke, you know. |
ne-indicates the speaker's request for confirmation
or agreement from the hearer about some shared knowledge yo-indicates the speaker's strong conviction or assertion about s.t that is assumed to be known only to him ne/yo |
