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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 5 basic elements of Scholasticism?
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1. Reconciliation of contradictions
2. division and subdivision to understand 3. Totality: addressing everything 4. Light and illumination 5. importance of Mary |
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Describe how art/sculpture and literature apply in RECONCILIATION OF CONTRADICTION
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1. Dante's Inferno - Virgil helps him get some of the way
2. Combine secular with spiritual in cathedral at Chartes |
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Describe how art/sculpture and literature apply in DIVISION AND SUBDIVISION
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1. Dante's division (in 3s) of the inferno, purgatorio, and paradisio
2. Levels of 3 in cathedral |
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Describe how art/sculpture and literature apply in TOTALITY
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1. Chartres cathedral includes all the stories of Christ's life for teaching.
2. Dante covers everyone (all sinners, all repentant, all paradise) |
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Describe how art/sculpture and literature apply in LIGHT AND ILLUMINATION
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1. Dante discovers nature of God through light of illumination
2. Stories on stained glass only percieved when light outside |
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Describe how art/sculpture and literature apply in importance of Mary
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1. First Mary tympanum in Cartres cathedral
2. Mary as patron saint of 7 liberal arts 3. Mary presents Dante to God |
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What contributed to rise of universities, especially University of Paris?
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none yet
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What was the purpose of Peter Abelard's - Sic et Non?
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- Come to a reconciliation of doctrine in the scriptures and secular understanding (reason)
- Seem contradictory, but can be reconcilled -used dialectic method to review religious questions |
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What are the two types of thinking (according to Thomas Aquinus) and what is a combination of them?
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- Philisophical = reason
- Revealed theology = revealation - natural theology is combination |
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What did Thomas Aquinus say about Plato's forms?
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They exist, but only in the mind of God
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What did Thomas Aquinus say about Aristotles definition of happiness?
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Every human DOES seek after happiness, but it must be eternal (Aristotle didn't believe in eternal soul)
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When was the height of Gothic style?
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1150-1300
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When was the golden age of stained glass?
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1200-1250
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How was Abbot Suger important in influencing gothic architecture/stained glass?
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-theoretically justified beauty (as opposed to Bernard of Clairvaiux)
-beauty of everything around=understanding beauty of God -light brings understanding of God -> Dionysius (not the God of drama) |
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What are the elements of Gothic architecture?
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-Harmonic facade with square towers (horizontal and verticle)
-Cross-shaped nave, ambulatory, 2-4 side aisles, apsidal chapels -flying buttresses (weight bearing for thinner walls) -pointed arches for taller structures -as many windows as possible to fill with light -divided elevation (nave arcade, triforium, clerestory -gargoyles (leave evil on outside) -rose window -combine secular and sacred |
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Define rose window
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Stained glass window with symmetrical roselike tracery
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Why were cathedrals so important?
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-center of city (learning center, example of faith, etc.)
-emphasis on light and height |
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What is the importance of Cartres cathedral?
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-well preserved (still has several original stained glass windows and sculptures)
-maze at the beginning -important location to worship Virgin Mary -burnt down three times, yet Virgin Mary window preserved (sign from God) -template for other cathedrals |
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What are the two important numbers in symbolism for literature and why?
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3 - Trinity
10 - number of perfection |
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Define terza rima
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rhyming structure of aba bcb cdc ded, and so on.
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Why was the bubonic plague important?
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-concern of prayer before death (eventually allowed women to give last rites if no one else around)
-Pop VI said that everyone who died of plague was recieved into heaven -end of the world? -employed scientists to find cause -30% of europe's population wiped out (20 million people) |
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What was the Great Schism and why is it important?
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-First French pope (Clement V)
-moved papacy to Avignon France for 70 yrs -weakened the faith in the Catholic church |
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How was Petrach "proto-renaissance"?
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-works combined Christian allusions with more personal, romantic love, not courtly love
-focus on individual - wanted to be recognized for his works (no more of this "anonymity" business) |
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Chartres Cathedral, France
Period: Gothic |
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Virgin Mary Tympanum, Chartres Cathedral
Period: Gothic |
Virgin Mary tympanum, Chartres Cathedral
Top: Mary as Queen of Heaven; Middle: presentation at temple; Bottom l-r: visitation, nativity, annunciation to shepherds; 7 liberal arts represented by classical figures in archivolts |
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Virgin Mary Window, Chartres Cathedral
Period: Gothic |
first to employ linear perspective, monumental style, and atmospheric perspective all together
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The Holy Trinity
Artrist - Masaccio Period: Early Renaissance |
Monumental Style
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Adoration of the Magi
Fabriano Early Renaissance |
International Gothic Style
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Springtime
Botticelli Early Renaissance |
combines classical and Christian elements
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Sacrifice of Isaac
Ghiberti Early Renaissance |
Competition panel for Florence Baptistery Doors
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Feast of Herod
Donatello Early Renaissance |
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David
Donatello Early Renaissance |
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Dome, Florence Cathedral
Brunelleschi Early Renaissance |
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What are the general charactersitics of the Renaissance?
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1. rediscovery of antiquity
2. Quazi-republican government 3. humanism - focus on the individual 4. Greater interest in science - mathematics, botany, etc |
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What influenced the flourishing of the arts during the Renaissance in Florence?
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1. Republican form of govt
2. Florence on main road to Rome, became trade center and retained independance 3. Wealthy families live in Florence and become patrons of art |
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Why is David a symbol of Florence?
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- Florence is small city with a lot of power - able to defend itself against larger territories.
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Who began the Plato Academy?
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Cosimo of the Medicis
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What was important about the Plato Academy?
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Translated Plato's writings into Latin so others could understand and study them
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Define Chiaroscuro
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contrast between light and dark
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Define Fresco
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painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling - color penetrates into wall and is fixed as it dries
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Define Linear Perspective
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Relative size, shape and position of objects determined by lines converging at a focal point
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Define atmospheric perspective
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objects in background are less visible that the objects in the forefront of an artwork. Detail more upfront, less detail in back
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What are the general characteristics of the Renaissance?
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1. Rediscovery of Antiquity
2. Quasi-Republican govt 3. Dominant philosiphy - Humanism 4. Great interest in Science |
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How was the interest in science expressed in the arts?
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-plant life very realistic and accurate
-human form anatomically correct |
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Who discovered linear perspective and what is it?
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-Brunelleschi
-relative shape and size of objects are determined by lines converging at single point |
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Who were the three ruling generations of the Medici?
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Cosimo
Piero Lorenzo |
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Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man?
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Pico della Mirandola
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What was Pico della Mirandola's purpose in the preface of Oration on the Dignity of Man?
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Man is a representation of God in that he is a god over many things (animals, elemetnts, etc)
Man can create for himself his own destiny Focus on will on man |
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What is the importance of pyramidal compsoitional scheme?
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brings focus to top of triangle, which is the central focal point of the painting or sculpture.
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What are the basic characteristics of renaissance architecture?
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symmetry
reverting to classical antiquity and ancient roman architecture proportion geometry |
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Who was the founding father of Renaissance architecture?
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Brunelleschi
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Which cathedral did Brunelleschi fix?
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Florence cathedral
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What was the importance of invention of printing?
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books became more excessible and in pocket formats
Aldus Manutius set out to publish all classics in pocket format |
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What was the importance of the discovery of Laocoon?
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Michelangelo was influenced by its intense emotion
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Who was Pope Julius II?
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Michelangelo worked for him
commissioned Michelangelo to do his tomb and Sistine ceiling -tomb supposed to have 40 figures, but it was called his life's tragedy |
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Who was Pope Leo X?
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-Medici pope
-very inept |
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What was the importance of Da Vinci's notebooks?
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It is how we know of his inventions and studies
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What is important about The Last Supper painting?
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Da Vinci tried to mix oils and fresco... it didn't work very well
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Define sfumato
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smokey or hazy - adds mystery to paintings
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What is important about Mona Lisa?
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unusual features
-included more of her upper body than other styles of portrait -inluded sfumato |
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What was a primary focus in Da Vinci's paintings and sculpture?
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hands and hand gestures
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What were the characterstics of Raphael's paintings?
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-triangular shape
-idealized faces, calm, innocent -balance and proportion -Important portraitist (Madonnas = fame) |
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What term did people give to Michelangelos paintings and sculpture?
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terribilita
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Define sprezzatura
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"nonchalance"
doing something difficult with what appears to be without effort |
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Who was Marguerite de Navarre?
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very active women who advised her brother in politics
very well-educated and involved |
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What is the name of the author of Heptameron?
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Margeurite de Navarre
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What qualified Machiavelli to write the Prince?
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long service (14+ yrs) serving in Florentine republic
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Who exiled Machiavelli?
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Pope Julius II
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What are some examples of good qualities in a prince outlined by Machiavelli?
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Prudence-flexibility
Good appearance virtu-vitality (make something happen) |
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What are the issues discussed in the handout about The Prince?
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1. Liberalitity
2. Creulty vs compassion 3. Loved vs feared 4. faith vs flexibility 5 Appearance vs reality 6. Morality dependent on circumstance 7. Fortune and adaptation |
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What were the characteristics of Renaissance music?
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-vocal music more important than instrumental
-polyphonic with immitation -bass register used for first time (fuller sound) -wrote for religious purposes -overlapping rhythms |
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Define imitation in music
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overlapping that creates polyphonic sound
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Define polyphonic
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more than one line/melody sung at a time
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What were the two main sacred forms of music?
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Mass and motet
motet is shorter |
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What is the secular musci of the italian renaissance called?
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frottola
-playful pieces at parties and gatherings |
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Who was a main figure in high renaissance music?
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Josquin des Prez (notes obey him)
-wrote motet using imitation (Ave Maria) |
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The Last Supper
Da Vinci Hi Renaissance |
Mixed oil and fresco (plaster)
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Castiglione
Raphael High Renaissance |
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Mona Lisa
Da Vinci High Renaissance |
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School of Athens
Raphael High Renaissance |
tribute to michelangelo
conecting with classical figures |
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Peita
Michelangelo High Renaissance |
"Perfect" work
no name, but added it later Mary portrayed as young - universality |
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David
Michelangelo High Renaissance |
Contrapposto, terribilita, calssical nude
didn't get to pick marble - had flaw 18 ft tall originally going to be placed up high |
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Moses
Michelangelo High Renaissance |
Two horns - misconception
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Creation of Adam from Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo High Renaissance |
Most famous part of Sistine chapel
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