English Final Carrington Rn Program

Front 1

Classification Paragraph

Back 1

when you classify, you sort subjects into more understandable categories.

Hint 1

o Classification
principle: is the overall method that you use to sort the subject into categories. Find one common characteristic that unites the different categories.
o Sort the subject into distinct categories: should have two or more categories.

Front 2

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph

Back 2

: you can compare and contrast two different subjects or you can compare and contrast different aspects of a single subject.

Hint 2

o The topic sentence: should indicate what is being compared and contrasted and express a controlling idea.
o Point by Point: One point about topic a, followed by one point about topic b, go back and forth
o Topic by Topic: Present all points about Topic a, then all points about topic b, one side and then the other.
o To show similarities: additionally, in addition, in the same way, similarly, equally, at the same time.
o To show differences: conversely, nevertheless, however, in contrast, then again, on the contrary.

Front 3

Cause and Effect Paragraph

Back 3

explains why an event happened of what the consequences of such an event were. Can focus on cause, effects, or both.

Hint 3

o Indicate whether you are focusing on causes, effects, or both.
o Ensure that your causes and effects are valid. Determine real causes and effects, do not simply list things that happened before and after an event, also verify that your assumptions are logical.
o Use emphatic order: place your examples from the most to the least important or from the least to the most important.

Front 4

Argument Paragraph

Back 4

: you take a position on an issue and attempt to defend it; you try to convince somebody that your point of view is the best one.

Hint 4

o Topic Sentence: Should be a debatable statement, should not be a fact or a statement of opinion.

Front 5

Circular reasoning

Back 5

means that a paragraph restates its main point in various ways but does not provide supporting details. (Avoid this)

Front 6

Unity

Back 6

When the body paragraphs support the thesis statement

Front 7

Coherence

Back 7

When your ideas flow smoothly and logically, to guide the reader from one idea to the next or from one paragraph to the next, use paragraph links. Transitional words and phrases help create Coherence.

Front 8

Parallel Structure

Back 8

Occurs when pairs or groups of items in a sentence are balanced.

Hint 8

o There are some test subjects who develop a rash and some who have no reactions.

Front 9

Appositives

Back 9

gives further info about a noun or pronoun. The appositives can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence. (A large city in Florida, Miami has a variety of public learning centers.)

Front 10

The Passive Voice

Back 10

the subject receives the action and does not perform the action. PAST TENSE

Front 11

Count Nouns

Back 11

: refer to people or things that you can count, such as engine, paper or girl. Usually have a singular and plural form.

Front 12

Noncount Nouns

Back 12

People or things you cannot count, because you cannot divide them, such as electricity and music. Usually only have a singular form. Pg: 397

Front 13

Prepositions

Back 13

are words that show concepts such as time, place, direction, and manner. They show connection or relationships between ideas. At, on, in

Front 14

Common prepositional expressions

Back 14

Page: 405 (add to, afraid of, agree with, count on, hope for)

Front 15

Things to avoid

Back 15

Avoid Wordiness and Redundancy; Avoid Clichés’ (I.E. as luck would have it) p 456

Front 16

Vague

Back 16

words lack precision and detail (i.e. nice and bad) Readers cannot get a clear picture from them

Hint 16

The movie was bad.(Vague) The predictable film included violent, gory scenes. (Precise)

Front 17

Pronouns

Back 17

Are words that replace nouns (people, places, or things), other pronouns, and phrases. Use pronouns to avoid repeating nouns

Hint 17

Can be the subject, object, or it can show possession

Front 18

1st person Singular

Back 18

(I,me,my,mine)
(we, us, our, and
ours)

Front 19

1st person plural

Back 19

(we, us, our, and
ours)

Front 20

2nd person Singular

Back 20

(you, you, your, yours)

Front 21

2nd person Plural

Back 21

same as singular!

Front 22

3rd person Singular

Back 22

(he, she, it who, whoever, him, her, his, hers)

Front 23

3rd person plural

Back 23

they, them, their, theirs

Front 24

Subjective Pronouns

Back 24

(I, you, he, she it, who, whoever)
performs an action in the sentence

Hint 24

She has seen many ancient ruins.

Front 25

Objective Pronouns

Back 25

- (me, you, him, her, it whom, whomever)
an object of a verb receives an action.

Hint 25

My brother told us about the documentary.

Front 26

Possessive Pronouns

Back 26

shows ownership

Hint 26

• Possessive adjectives: are always places before the noun that they modify: She finished her book about the pyramids, but they did not finish their books.
• Possessive pronouns: replace the possessive adjective and noun. She finished her book about the pyramids, but they did not finish theirs. (Her is the possessive adjective being replaced)
• When using possessive pronouns, do not add the apostrophe before the s!

Front 27

Reflexive Pronouns

Back 27

when you want to emphasize that the subject does an action to himself or herself. (-self/-selves) Do not use with wash, dress, feed, or shave.

Front 28

Relative pronouns

Back 28

(who, whom, which, that, whose)

Hint 28

Who should be used to replace a pronoun in a sentence that contains a subjective pronoun (he or she) Whom should be used when an objective pronoun is used (her or him) That is for essential information, which gets a comma

Front 29

Antecedents

Back 29

are words that pronouns have replaced, and they always come before a pronoun.

Front 30

Indefinite Pronouns

Back 30

when you refer to people or things whose identity is not know or is unimportant.

Front 31

Singular: if using a singular indefinite antecedent

Back 31

also use a singular pronoun
(another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something)

Hint 31

Nobody should forget to visit China’s terracotta army is his or her lifetime

Front 32

Plural

Back 32

indefinite antecedents need a plural pronoun
both, few, others, several

Hint 32

The two objects are ancient, and both have their own intrinsic value.
(Two, and both)

Front 33

Either Singular or Plural

Back 33

some can be either, depending on the noun to which they refer.
all, any, some, none, more, most, half and other fractions

Hint 33

Many historians came to the site. All were experts in their field. (all refers to historians, therefore, the pronoun is plural) We excavated all of the site and its artifacts. (All refers to the site, therefore, the pronoun is singular)

Front 34

Using expressions one of the… or each of the…

Back 34

the subject is the indefinite pronoun one or each. Therefore, any pronoun referring to the phrase must be singular

Hint 34

One of the statues is missing its weapon
(one and its)

Front 35

Pronoun shifts

Back 35

edit your writing to ensure that your pronouns are consistent in number and person!

Hint 35

(i.e. singular follows singular, plural follows pleural)

Front 36

The Controlling idea

Back 36

makes a point about the topic and expresses the writer’s opinion, attitude, or feeling:

Hint 36

Repair a water heater with three simple steps.
(three simple steps is the controlling idea)

Front 37

Subject-verb agreement

Back 37

simply means that a subject and verb agree in number. A singular subject needs a singular verb, and a plural subject needs a plural verb.

Front 38

Adjectives

Back 38

: describe nouns (people, places, or things) and pronouns (words that replace nouns) they add info explaining how many, what kind, or which one. They also help you appeal to the senses by describing how things look, smell, feel, taste, and sound

Front 39

Adverbs

Back 39

add information to adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. They give more specific information about how, when, where, and to what extent an action or event occurred.

Hint 39

The surgeons could remove cataracts quite quickly.
(Quite is the adverbs

Front 40

Frequency adverbs

Back 40

are words that indicate how often someone performs an action or when an even occurs
(always, ever, never, often, sometimes, and usually)

Front 41

Comparative form

Back 41

used to show how two persons, things, or items are different

Hint 41

Dr. Jonas Salk was a better researcher than his colleague.
(Adjectives/better) Dr. Salk published his results more quickly than Dr. Drake. (Adverbs, quickly)

Front 42

Superlative form

Back 42

use to compare three or more items

Hint 42

Dr Salk was the youngest scientist to receive funding for polio research at the University of Michigan. (Adjectives/youngest) She spoke the most effectively of all of the participants. (Adverbs/most effectively)

Front 43

A Modifier

Back 43

is a work, phrase, or clause that describes or modifies nouns or verbs in a sentence. To use correctly, place next to the word that you want to modify

Hint 43

Holding the patient’s hand, the doctor explained the procedure.
(holding the patients hand)

Front 44

Misplaced modifier

Back 44

- is a word, phrase, or clause that is not placed next to the word is modifies. (see pg 443)

Hint 44

I saw a pamphlet about acupuncture sitting in the doctor’s office. (How could a pamphlet sit in a doctor’s office?)

Front 45

Limiting Modifiers

Back 45

are words such as almost, nearly, only, merely, just, and even. Placement can change the meaning of a sentence. (Pg 443)

Hint 45

Almost all of the doctors went to the lecture that disproved acupuncture.
All of the doctors almost went to the lecture that disproved acupuncture.

Front 46

A Dangling Modifier:

Back 46

opens a sentence but does not modify any words in the sentence. To avoid this make sure that the modifier and the first noun that follows have a logical connection.

Hint 46

While talking on a cell phone, the ambulance drove off the road. (An ambulance can’t talk on the phone) While talking on a cell phone, the ambulance technician drove off the road.

Front 47

apostrophe

Back 47

is a punctuation mark showing a contraction or ownership. (‘)

Front 48

Use quotation marks

Back 48

to set off the exact words of a speaker or writer. (“”)

Front 49

APA format:

Back 49

• Font: Times New Roman, Size 12
• Voice: Objective
• References page NOT Work Cited
• References should be in alphabetical order
• Parenthetical references (or in text citations) allow you to acknowledge where you obtained the info when quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing (using parentheses)