Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Beats Writers/Work
|
1. William Burroughs- Naked Lunch
2. Gregory Corso- "Bomb" 3. Allen Ginsberg- "Howl" 4. Jack Keruoac- On the Road 5. Lawrence Ferlingthetti- published Beat writers mainly |
|
Beats writer publisher
|
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
|
|
Most important Beat writers
|
Allen Ginsberg- "Howl"
Jack Keruoac- "On the Road" |
|
"beat definition"
|
"the condition of begin beaten down, poor, exhausted, at the bottom of the world"- The New York 1997
"unconstrained by society" Jack Keruaoc |
|
Jack Keruoac
|
optimistic, while also being beaten down/down trodden, to live unconstrained by social conventions, rythm
|
|
beatniks
|
followers of beat generation, coined in 1958 by San Fran newspaper columnist
|
|
beat writers were the
|
voice of nonconformity
|
|
characters of beat writing
|
thematic explorations of sexuality and social class, built on modernist poet style like -free verse -stream of consciousness -collage - drugs
|
|
rhythm
|
integrated rhythm found in jazz clubs with invocations of Eastern religions and buddhist chants
|
|
IMMEDIACY OF EXPERIENCE
|
like On the Road, need to experience life, not conform because society says so- do what you want
|
|
modern "beat"
|
coffee houses, poetry slams, spoken word poetry (poetry out loud)
|
|
Gregory Corso
|
-powerful lyric verse in expressive, yet genuine voice
- wrote bawdy, poetic ramblings typically uninhibited and sexually explicit -hall mark beat writer -"Bomb" in shape of mushroom cloud |
|
William Burroughs
|
-Naked Lunch (1959)
--believed various forces are rendering planet uninhibited -exhibited worst manifestations of human behavior |
|
Jack Kerouac
|
-wrote On the Road (1955)
-coined term "beat" -experiencing life -denounced by some as an illiterate, incoherent excercise in self-absorption and self-pity -many saw it as disenchanted youthful subculture that was about to crack the gray facade of the fifties wide open -to many one of great novels and milestones in writing |
|
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
|
-poet
-owned City Lights Bookstore and published in San Fran during Beat movement -became heart of Beats movement (the store) |
|
Allen Ginsberg
|
-"Howl" (1956)
-journalists labeled this the birth of the San Fran Poetry Renaissance - Ferlinghetti sent Ginsberg telegram greeting "new career" -"Howl" under fire -references to illicit drugs and use of homosexual language -Ferlinghetti arrested for selling obscene material -ACLU defended work in public trial -well known authors testified in of support Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg and poetry freedom - judges deems it finally acceptable -"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" -Ginsberg "Howl" |
|
year,name and author of beats works chronologically
|
On the Road-Keruoac 1955
"Howl-Ginsberg 1956 "Bomb"-Corso 1958 Naked Lunch-Burroughs 1959 |
|
Important Women
|
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, Marietta Holley- inventor of first female comic protagonist, pseudonyms "Josiah Allen's Wife" and "Samantha Allen"
|
|
Common Harlem Renaissance themes in art
|
-Ethiopia/Afria
-orangeish brown/black colors and vibrant colors -black pride -lighting is well list, low -commmunity -hope -optimism -poise, class, new identity- middle class -motif of faith and religion -dark v. bright -night scenes -silhouettes |
|
The American Dream for women
|
- more independence and right
--Holley (Samantha Among the Brethren 1890), Chopin (Story of an Hour 1894), Glaspell (Jury of Her Peers 1916), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper 1899) -women taken seriously -less "Cult of Domesticity" - respect and understanding - equality among the sexes - freedom from restrictive marriages -true satisfaction in life |
|
American Dream for Ethan Frome
|
-Wharton
-free from restraints/ society pressures - achieving the unattainable - free from social class barriers -ability to choose own fate -have fulfilling relationships -freedom from past |
|
American Dream for Immigrant Narratives
|
- ability to earn fair wage
- work for success/ earn success - financial security - provide for themselves and family - racial and ethnic equality - American assimilation and acceptance - keep cultures alive -transcend barriers -stability - not be limited or defined by country and culture |
|
Naturalist free will or determinism
|
character is fundamentally an animal, iwhtout free will; external and internal forces, environment, or heredity control their behavior
|
|
naturalist character
|
character can be explained in terms of the forces, usually heredity and environment , which operate him/her
|
|
naturalism is considered:
|
A) extension of realism with addition of pessimistic determinism
OR B) something altogether different from realism |
|
realism was the
|
literature of the normal and representative "smaller details of everyday life"
|
|
subject matter of naturalism
|
raw and unpleasant experiences which reduces characters to "degrading" behavior in the struggle to survive
|
|
naturalist characters
|
-lower middle or lower classes
- poor, uneducated, unsophisticated -fate and hubris affecting characters -controlling force is society and environment |
|
naturalist subject life
|
suggest is that life on its lowest levels is not so simple as it seems to be
|
|
"hubris"
|
-excessive pride
-affecting naturalist characters |
|
naturalist theme of sexuality
|
-sexual imagery or attitudes toward sexuality in…
-Chopins "The Awakening," "The Storm" -Wharton's "Ethan Frome" |
|
concept of naturalist character
|
-characters are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, chance or instinct but
-have compensating humanistic values which affirm their individuality and life -struggle for life becomes heroic and they maintain human dignity - naturalists do not dehumanize characters |
|
comparing romanticism, naturalism and realism quote
|
"where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists center their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action,and the verifiable consequence"
|
|
realism time period
|
Civil War to the turn of the century
|
|
realism writers
|
Howells, Harding Davis, James, Twain
|
|
realism has been called…
|
a strategy for imagining and managing the threats of social change
|
|
two famous realism authors and the time period
|
henry james and mark twain during 20th century
|
|
realism characteristics
|
-reality in detail
-emphasis on being true (verisimilitude) -character more important than action -characters are real in their responses - class is important (middle class) - events are plausible (avoid sensational drama like naturalistic novels) - diction is naturally vernacular, not poetic, may be comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact -objective in presentation and intrusions diminish as century progresses |
|
Hemingway worked as
|
-Toronto Star reporter
-Kansas City Star reporter -active war correspondent in WWII -journalist in Spanish Civil War -Red Cross ambulance driver in WWI |
|
Pulitzer prize winner-
|
The Old Man at Sea (written about Cuba)
Published 1952 |
|
Hemingway writing style and effect
|
used simple verbs and nouns
forced readers to look into what he is describing versus his describing skills |
|
Parental relationship
|
-Father was harsh and whipped them
-tried to please parents and felt guilty -mother dressed him in girl clothes - did outdoors things with father |
|
Wives in order
|
1. Hadley Richardson (1921-27)
2. Pauline Pfeiffer (27-40) 3. Martha Gelhorn (40-45) 4. Mary Welch (46-his death) |
|
How did he die and when
|
1959 began having paranoia and health declined (eyes failing, bad health, issues from alcohol consumption)
Went to Mayo Clinic and got a lot of shock treatment Attempted suicide after leaving Re-entered Mayo Clinic and had more shock treatments After leaving clinic again he committed suicide in 1961 with gun (had attempted suicides before) |
|
Children
|
1. Jack (1923)
2. Patrick (1928) 3. Gregory (1931) |
|
Hemingway quotes
|
-"write one true sentence. write the truest sentence you know"
-"his talent was as natural as powder on butterfly wings" |
|
Time periods of all movements
|
Realism (1860s-1900)
Naturalism (1865-1900) Modernism (1914-1945) Post-modernism (1945-present) |
|
Modernism
|
1914-1945
-rejection of traditional themes and subject matter - Alienated individuals -focus on subjects of change -use of understatement and irony to reveal emotions/ideas -used symbols and images to explain meanings vs. statements - "Great Gatsby" - Gertrude Stein - Hemingway (at times!) - Harlem Renaissance, New Negro Movement |
|
Post- modernism
|
1945-present
- resists simple categorization - common themes of chaos and rejection of idea of order -multicultural - more gender-balanced -experiments with narration and structure - see human experience as unstable, internally contradictory, ambiguous, inconclusive, unfinished, fragmented |
|
Realism extra
|
1860s-1900s
-honest portrayal over life sensationalism or melodrama -create accurate, detailed portrayal of ordinary, contemporary life - writing includes regional and local color writing |
|
Bridge realists
|
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson |
|
Naturalist writers
|
Edith Wharton, Upton Sinclaire, Charlotte Perkins Gilman "Yellow Wallpaper"
|
|
Max Perkins
|
-Fitzgerald and Hemingway's editor and the venerable publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons
-signed Fitzgerald |
|
Shakespeare and Company
|
Sylvia Beach's American lending library/book store located on the Left Bank in Paris
-Lost Generation writers spent lot of time here - 1919-1941 -center of English-language literacy and culture and modernism in Paris - in Hemingway's A Moveable Feast -buy or borrow banned books |
|
Gerturde Stein
|
1874-1946
-controversial American writer and wealthy art collector -held salons at her house at 27 rue de Fleurus in Paris where writers met to drink and discuss work and receive advice -Stein coined term "lost generation" -Told Hemingway to quit journalism and become full time writer |
|
expatriate
|
a person who lives outside his/her native country
|
|
the Pilar
|
-Hemingway's fishing boat in Havana Cuba
- Cuban fisherman friend Gregorio Fuentes (Hemingway's first mate on the Pilar) -inspired The Old Man and The Sea |
|
Hemingway's code hero
|
-originated with scholar Philip Young who used it to describe Hemingway's character
- honor, courage and endurance in a life of tension and pain make a man a man - ultimate hero shows grace under pressure |
|
"nada" philosophy
|
-darkness and sleep must be avoided for in these states there is nothingness "nada"
- Hemingway's discourse on "nada" is way of exploring the darker side of his spiritual self -darkness of night represents nothingness |
|
Modernist qualities (in Great Gatsby)
|
1. rejection of traditional theme and subject matter
2. Focus on alienated individuals 3. Frequent focus on the subject of impermanence and change 4. Use of understatement and irony to reveal important emotions and ideas 5. The use of symbols and images that suggest meanings rather than statements that explain meanings |
|
Themes in Of Mice and Men
|
Loneliness
Companionship The American Dream Race/class/gender |
|
Modernism puts faith in-- while postmodernism rejects --- as only a small part of the human experience
|
ideas, values, beliefs, culture and norms of the West
|
|
While modernism attempts to reveal profound truths or experience and life, postmodernism
|
is suspicious of being profound because such ideas are based on one particular western value systems
|
|
Modernism attempts to find depth and interior meaning beneath the surface of objects and events, postmodernism...
|
prefers to dwell on the exterior image and avoids drawing conclusions or suggesting underlying meanings associated with the interior of objects and events
|
|
Modernism focuses on a --- vision while postmodernism focuses more on ---
|
modernism focuses on central themes and a united vision while post-modernism sees a vision of contradictory, unfinished "jagged" world
|
|
Modern authors guide and control reader's response to work, postmodernism writers...
|
create an "open" work in which reader must supply their own connections, work out alternative meanings and provide their own (unguided) interpretation
|
|
World War: implications and connotations of phrase
|
-total terror
-no safe place, vulnerability - enemies are global, everywhere, unrecognizable danger |
|
Modernism era (post WWI)
|
-post-war alienation (lost generation)
-devastation of country -poverty -dispossession of migrants -materialism and excess, shifting moral structures and loosening of traditional values, -rising fascism in Europe led to WWI |
|
Modernism era events
|
-Great Depression
-roaring 20s -WWI -American Dream |
|
How did WWII affect American literature (modernism to post-modernism)
|
-alienation (again)
- disconnection in treating others kindly and maintaining sense of humanity -disillusionment (horrors of loss of life) -dread (atomic bomb, nuclear technology) -disassociation, withdrawal -how to return to normalcy? |
|
Post-modern novels
|
Slaughterhouse Five (unique structure, jumping around in time- not linear)
The Things They Carried |
|
Modern wonders in literature
|
-is planet capable of living in peace? What is peace?
-In diverse world, must differences lead to conflict? |
|
Hemingway Iceberg Principle
|
"There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg… It is the part that doesn't show"
|
|
Hemingway major works and dates/experience
|
-A Farewell to Arms (1929)
Italy, WWI - In Our Time (1925) boyhood hunting and fishing in Michigan - The Sun Also Rises (1926) love and torment - For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Spanish Civil War novel - The Old Man and the Sea (1952, P-prize 1953) Cuba |
|
Hemingway legacy
|
l-egacy as a writer, not celebrity, is most enduring
-influenced writers since the mid 1920s -work still retains power to engage |
|
Hemingway locations during lifetime
|
- born in Oak Park, Illinois
- summers in Michigan woods - Italy in WWI - Paris (Gertrude Stein's salon) - African Safari 1934 - After WWII Havana, Cuba - Ketchum, Idaho (died there) |
|
Hemingway pastimes/activities
|
-bullfighting (watched it)
- football and boxing - deep-sea fishing, hunting, outdoors activities - drinking - |
|
Influences of Hemingway
|
-Sherwood Anderson (gave him recommendations and said to go to Paris)
- France (able to come into contact with artistic world) - Gertrude Stein (introduced him to people and influenced his writing style) - Shakespeare and Company -Spanish and Spain (culture, relatively simple yet direct language) - Harold Lobe - Max Perkins (discovered Fitzgerald who told Perkins about Hemingway) |
|
Hemingway's character
|
-worldy quality
- fiercely competitive in writing - not grateful to those who helped him - cosmopolitan lifestyle - masculine (created or real) - touched by tragedy - depressed (clinically) - outdoorsman (hunt/fish/sport) - center of attention - |
|
Myth of Hemingway
|
-lived life of celebrity
-made people feel special when interested in them -could drink a lot without showing it - Hemingway was not a drinking writer/ didn't drink while he wrote - bif, burly, drinks, boxer, super masculinity image but he was really insecure with masculinity - myth tended to overshadow |
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
1919-1929 (Great Depression) or 1940
-optimistic and joyful, sort of propaganda for non-racist America -provided jobs for A.A. -The Harlem Renaissance was a channeling of energy from political and social criticism into poetry, fiction, music and art. |
|
"New Negro Movement"
|
symbolized black liberation and the final shaking off of the residuals of slavery in mind, spirit and character.
|
|
Harlem Renaissance Writers
|
Langston Hughes (poet)
Aaron Douglas (father of art) Jacob Lawrence (artist) |
|
Turn of century female authors: names, titles of works, and subject matter
|
Glaspell (Jury of Peers), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper), Chopin (Story of An Hour), Holley (Samantha Amont the Brethen) Zora Neal Hursten (How It Feels to Be Colored Me)
|
|
Turn of century female authors: names, titles of works, and subject matter
|
Glaspell (Jury of Peers), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper), Chopin (Story of An Hour), Holley (Samantha Amont the Brethen) Zora Neal Hursten (How It Feels to Be Colored Me)
|