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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Beats Writers/Work
1. William Burroughs- Naked Lunch
2. Gregory Corso- "Bomb"
3. Allen Ginsberg- "Howl"
4. Jack Keruoac- On the Road
5. Lawrence Ferlingthetti- published Beat writers mainly
Beats writer publisher
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Most important Beat writers
Allen Ginsberg- "Howl"
Jack Keruoac- "On the Road"
"beat definition"
"the condition of begin beaten down, poor, exhausted, at the bottom of the world"- The New York 1997
"unconstrained by society" Jack Keruaoc
Jack Keruoac
optimistic, while also being beaten down/down trodden, to live unconstrained by social conventions, rythm
beatniks
followers of beat generation, coined in 1958 by San Fran newspaper columnist
beat writers were the
voice of nonconformity
characters of beat writing
thematic explorations of sexuality and social class, built on modernist poet style like -free verse -stream of consciousness -collage - drugs
rhythm
integrated rhythm found in jazz clubs with invocations of Eastern religions and buddhist chants
IMMEDIACY OF EXPERIENCE
like On the Road, need to experience life, not conform because society says so- do what you want
modern "beat"
coffee houses, poetry slams, spoken word poetry (poetry out loud)
Gregory Corso
-powerful lyric verse in expressive, yet genuine voice
- wrote bawdy, poetic ramblings typically uninhibited and sexually explicit
-hall mark beat writer
-"Bomb" in shape of mushroom cloud
William Burroughs
-Naked Lunch (1959)
--believed various forces are rendering planet uninhibited
-exhibited worst manifestations of human behavior
Jack Kerouac
-wrote On the Road (1955)
-coined term "beat"
-experiencing life
-denounced by some as an illiterate, incoherent excercise in self-absorption and self-pity
-many saw it as disenchanted youthful subculture that was about to crack the gray facade of the fifties wide open
-to many one of great novels and milestones in writing
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
-poet
-owned City Lights Bookstore and published in San Fran during Beat movement
-became heart of Beats movement (the store)
Allen Ginsberg
-"Howl" (1956)
-journalists labeled this the birth of the San Fran Poetry Renaissance
- Ferlinghetti sent Ginsberg telegram greeting "new career"
-"Howl" under fire
-references to illicit drugs and use of homosexual language
-Ferlinghetti arrested for selling obscene material
-ACLU defended work in public trial
-well known authors testified in of support Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg and poetry freedom
- judges deems it finally acceptable

-"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" -Ginsberg "Howl"
year,name and author of beats works chronologically
On the Road-Keruoac 1955
"Howl-Ginsberg 1956
"Bomb"-Corso 1958
Naked Lunch-Burroughs 1959
Important Women
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, Marietta Holley- inventor of first female comic protagonist, pseudonyms "Josiah Allen's Wife" and "Samantha Allen"
Common Harlem Renaissance themes in art
-Ethiopia/Afria
-orangeish brown/black colors and vibrant colors
-black pride
-lighting is well list, low
-commmunity
-hope
-optimism
-poise, class, new identity- middle class
-motif of faith and religion
-dark v. bright
-night scenes
-silhouettes
The American Dream for women
- more independence and right
--Holley (Samantha Among the Brethren 1890), Chopin (Story of an Hour 1894), Glaspell (Jury of Her Peers 1916), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper 1899)
-women taken seriously
-less "Cult of Domesticity"
- respect and understanding
- equality among the sexes
- freedom from restrictive marriages
-true satisfaction in life
American Dream for Ethan Frome
-Wharton
-free from restraints/ society pressures
- achieving the unattainable
- free from social class barriers
-ability to choose own fate
-have fulfilling relationships
-freedom from past
American Dream for Immigrant Narratives
- ability to earn fair wage
- work for success/ earn success
- financial security
- provide for themselves and family
- racial and ethnic equality
- American assimilation and acceptance
- keep cultures alive
-transcend barriers
-stability
- not be limited or defined by country and culture
Naturalist free will or determinism
character is fundamentally an animal, iwhtout free will; external and internal forces, environment, or heredity control their behavior
naturalist character
character can be explained in terms of the forces, usually heredity and environment , which operate him/her
naturalism is considered:
A) extension of realism with addition of pessimistic determinism
OR
B) something altogether different from realism
realism was the
literature of the normal and representative "smaller details of everyday life"
subject matter of naturalism
raw and unpleasant experiences which reduces characters to "degrading" behavior in the struggle to survive
naturalist characters
-lower middle or lower classes
- poor, uneducated, unsophisticated
-fate and hubris affecting characters
-controlling force is society and environment
naturalist subject life
suggest is that life on its lowest levels is not so simple as it seems to be
"hubris"
-excessive pride
-affecting naturalist characters
naturalist theme of sexuality
-sexual imagery or attitudes toward sexuality in…
-Chopins "The Awakening," "The Storm"
-Wharton's "Ethan Frome"
concept of naturalist character
-characters are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, chance or instinct but
-have compensating humanistic values which affirm their individuality and life
-struggle for life becomes heroic and they maintain human dignity
- naturalists do not dehumanize characters
comparing romanticism, naturalism and realism quote
"where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists center their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action,and the verifiable consequence"
realism time period
Civil War to the turn of the century
realism writers
Howells, Harding Davis, James, Twain
realism has been called…
a strategy for imagining and managing the threats of social change
two famous realism authors and the time period
henry james and mark twain during 20th century
realism characteristics
-reality in detail
-emphasis on being true (verisimilitude)
-character more important than action
-characters are real in their responses
- class is important (middle class)
- events are plausible (avoid sensational drama like naturalistic novels)
- diction is naturally vernacular, not poetic, may be comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact
-objective in presentation and intrusions diminish as century progresses
Hemingway worked as
-Toronto Star reporter
-Kansas City Star reporter
-active war correspondent in WWII
-journalist in Spanish Civil War
-Red Cross ambulance driver in WWI
Pulitzer prize winner-
The Old Man at Sea (written about Cuba)
Published 1952
Hemingway writing style and effect
used simple verbs and nouns
forced readers to look into what he is describing versus his describing skills
Parental relationship
-Father was harsh and whipped them
-tried to please parents and felt guilty
-mother dressed him in girl clothes
- did outdoors things with father
Wives in order
1. Hadley Richardson (1921-27)
2. Pauline Pfeiffer (27-40)
3. Martha Gelhorn (40-45)
4. Mary Welch (46-his death)
How did he die and when
1959 began having paranoia and health declined (eyes failing, bad health, issues from alcohol consumption)
Went to Mayo Clinic and got a lot of shock treatment
Attempted suicide after leaving
Re-entered Mayo Clinic and had more shock treatments
After leaving clinic again he committed suicide in 1961 with gun (had attempted suicides before)
Children
1. Jack (1923)
2. Patrick (1928)
3. Gregory (1931)
Hemingway quotes
-"write one true sentence. write the truest sentence you know"
-"his talent was as natural as powder on butterfly wings"
Time periods of all movements
Realism (1860s-1900)
Naturalism (1865-1900)
Modernism (1914-1945)
Post-modernism (1945-present)
Modernism
1914-1945
-rejection of traditional themes and subject matter
- Alienated individuals
-focus on subjects of change
-use of understatement and irony to reveal emotions/ideas
-used symbols and images to explain meanings vs. statements
- "Great Gatsby"
- Gertrude Stein
- Hemingway (at times!)
- Harlem Renaissance, New Negro Movement
Post- modernism
1945-present
- resists simple categorization
- common themes of chaos and rejection of idea of order
-multicultural
- more gender-balanced
-experiments with narration and structure
- see human experience as unstable, internally contradictory, ambiguous, inconclusive, unfinished, fragmented
Realism extra
1860s-1900s
-honest portrayal over life sensationalism or melodrama
-create accurate, detailed portrayal of ordinary, contemporary life
- writing includes regional and local color writing
Bridge realists
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson
Naturalist writers
Edith Wharton, Upton Sinclaire, Charlotte Perkins Gilman "Yellow Wallpaper"
Max Perkins
-Fitzgerald and Hemingway's editor and the venerable publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons
-signed Fitzgerald
Shakespeare and Company
Sylvia Beach's American lending library/book store located on the Left Bank in Paris
-Lost Generation writers spent lot of time here
- 1919-1941
-center of English-language literacy and culture and modernism in Paris
- in Hemingway's A Moveable Feast
-buy or borrow banned books
Gerturde Stein
1874-1946
-controversial American writer and wealthy art collector
-held salons at her house at 27 rue de Fleurus in Paris where writers met to drink and discuss work and receive advice
-Stein coined term "lost generation"
-Told Hemingway to quit journalism and become full time writer
expatriate
a person who lives outside his/her native country
the Pilar
-Hemingway's fishing boat in Havana Cuba
- Cuban fisherman friend Gregorio Fuentes (Hemingway's first mate on the Pilar)
-inspired The Old Man and The Sea
Hemingway's code hero
-originated with scholar Philip Young who used it to describe Hemingway's character
- honor, courage and endurance in a life of tension and pain make a man a man
- ultimate hero shows grace under pressure
"nada" philosophy
-darkness and sleep must be avoided for in these states there is nothingness "nada"
- Hemingway's discourse on "nada" is way of exploring the darker side of his spiritual self
-darkness of night represents nothingness
Modernist qualities (in Great Gatsby)
1. rejection of traditional theme and subject matter
2. Focus on alienated individuals
3. Frequent focus on the subject of impermanence and change
4. Use of understatement and irony to reveal important emotions and ideas
5. The use of symbols and images that suggest meanings rather than statements that explain meanings
Themes in Of Mice and Men
Loneliness
Companionship
The American Dream
Race/class/gender
Modernism puts faith in-- while postmodernism rejects --- as only a small part of the human experience
ideas, values, beliefs, culture and norms of the West
While modernism attempts to reveal profound truths or experience and life, postmodernism
is suspicious of being profound because such ideas are based on one particular western value systems
Modernism attempts to find depth and interior meaning beneath the surface of objects and events, postmodernism...
prefers to dwell on the exterior image and avoids drawing conclusions or suggesting underlying meanings associated with the interior of objects and events
Modernism focuses on a --- vision while postmodernism focuses more on ---
modernism focuses on central themes and a united vision while post-modernism sees a vision of contradictory, unfinished "jagged" world
Modern authors guide and control reader's response to work, postmodernism writers...
create an "open" work in which reader must supply their own connections, work out alternative meanings and provide their own (unguided) interpretation
World War: implications and connotations of phrase
-total terror
-no safe place, vulnerability
- enemies are global, everywhere, unrecognizable danger
Modernism era (post WWI)
-post-war alienation (lost generation)
-devastation of country
-poverty
-dispossession of migrants
-materialism and excess, shifting moral structures and loosening of traditional values,
-rising fascism in Europe led to WWI
Modernism era events
-Great Depression
-roaring 20s
-WWI
-American Dream
How did WWII affect American literature (modernism to post-modernism)
-alienation (again)
- disconnection in treating others kindly and maintaining sense of humanity
-disillusionment (horrors of loss of life)
-dread (atomic bomb, nuclear technology)
-disassociation, withdrawal
-how to return to normalcy?
Post-modern novels
Slaughterhouse Five (unique structure, jumping around in time- not linear)
The Things They Carried
Modern wonders in literature
-is planet capable of living in peace? What is peace?
-In diverse world, must differences lead to conflict?
Hemingway Iceberg Principle
"There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg… It is the part that doesn't show"
Hemingway major works and dates/experience
-A Farewell to Arms (1929)
Italy, WWI
- In Our Time (1925) boyhood hunting and fishing in Michigan
- The Sun Also Rises (1926) love and torment
- For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Spanish Civil War novel
- The Old Man and the Sea (1952, P-prize 1953) Cuba
Hemingway legacy
l-egacy as a writer, not celebrity, is most enduring
-influenced writers since the mid 1920s
-work still retains power to engage
Hemingway locations during lifetime
- born in Oak Park, Illinois
- summers in Michigan woods
- Italy in WWI
- Paris (Gertrude Stein's salon)
- African Safari 1934
- After WWII Havana, Cuba
- Ketchum, Idaho (died there)
Hemingway pastimes/activities
-bullfighting (watched it)
- football and boxing
- deep-sea fishing, hunting, outdoors activities
- drinking
-
Influences of Hemingway
-Sherwood Anderson (gave him recommendations and said to go to Paris)
- France (able to come into contact with artistic world)
- Gertrude Stein (introduced him to people and influenced his writing style)
- Shakespeare and Company
-Spanish and Spain (culture, relatively simple yet direct language)
- Harold Lobe
- Max Perkins (discovered Fitzgerald who told Perkins about Hemingway)
Hemingway's character
-worldy quality
- fiercely competitive in writing
- not grateful to those who helped him
- cosmopolitan lifestyle
- masculine (created or real)
- touched by tragedy
- depressed (clinically)
- outdoorsman (hunt/fish/sport)
- center of attention
-
Myth of Hemingway
-lived life of celebrity
-made people feel special when interested in them
-could drink a lot without showing it
- Hemingway was not a drinking writer/ didn't drink while he wrote
- bif, burly, drinks, boxer, super masculinity image but he was really insecure with masculinity
- myth tended to overshadow
Harlem Renaissance
1919-1929 (Great Depression) or 1940
-optimistic and joyful, sort of propaganda for non-racist America
-provided jobs for A.A.
-The Harlem Renaissance was a channeling of energy from political and social criticism into poetry, fiction, music and art.
"New Negro Movement"
symbolized black liberation and the final shaking off of the residuals of slavery in mind, spirit and character.
Harlem Renaissance Writers
Langston Hughes (poet)
Aaron Douglas (father of art)
Jacob Lawrence (artist)
Turn of century female authors: names, titles of works, and subject matter
Glaspell (Jury of Peers), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper), Chopin (Story of An Hour), Holley (Samantha Amont the Brethen) Zora Neal Hursten (How It Feels to Be Colored Me)
Turn of century female authors: names, titles of works, and subject matter
Glaspell (Jury of Peers), Gilman (Yellow Wallpaper), Chopin (Story of An Hour), Holley (Samantha Amont the Brethen) Zora Neal Hursten (How It Feels to Be Colored Me)