English Exam

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APA

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American Psychological Association

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Provides the information a reader needs to find and retrieve any source cited in the body of your paperIt is located at the end of your paper and begins on a new page separate from the text of the paper under the label References (in bold) centered at the top of the page

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Reference List

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Begin with the last name of the author, followed by a comma, then first and middle initials (if any). Leave a space between the first and middle initials

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Author

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Enclose the publication date in parentheses. Close with a period

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Date

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. For a book, capitalize only the first words of the title and subtitle (if any) and proper nouns. Close with a period

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Title

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Use the publisher’s full name, but omit Co., Inc., Publishers and other words not required to identify the publisher. Retain Books and Press if part of the publisher name

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Publisher

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If you read the book online, you may need to add a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or URL. Use the DOI if one is available. Use the URL if there is no DOI. Do not put a period after a DOI or URL.

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DOI OR URL

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Enclose the date of publication in parentheses. Include only the year of publication for journals.

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Date publication

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Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle (if any) and proper nouns. Do not italicize or place quotation marks around it

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Title of article

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Italicize the title of the periodical. Capitalize the major words in the title

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Title of periodical

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Give the volume number of journals, magazines, and newsletters. Italicize the volume number. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.

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Volume number

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Enclose the issue number in parentheses directly after the volume number with no space between the volume and the parentheses. The issue number is not italicized. Some periodicals do not have issue numbers

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Issue number

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Give the page numbers for the entire article rather than just the first page. For articles on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages at the end of the citation

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Page

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If the article has a DOI, include it. Do not close with a period. If the article does not have a DOI and comes from a library database, do NOT include a URL.is universal and is the same for all readers; a database URL will only lead TCC students and faculty to the right article.

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DOI

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Begin with the last name and initials of the author(s) if available. If not available, begin with the title of the specific webpage

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Author

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If a date is available, enclose it in parentheses. Express the date as a year, a year and a month, or a year, month, and date depending on the information available from the website

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Date of publication

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Capitalize the first words of the title and subtitle of the page and all proper nouns

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Title of work

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Capitalize the name of the website where the webpage is published

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Title of source

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Include the URL of a website or the DOI of the article. Avoid dividing the URL at the end of a line. If absolutely necessary, divide it after a slash (/) or before a period

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Retrieval information

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Briefly refer to your sources in the text of your paper to enable readers to match the source to the information and to locate the complete entry in the reference list

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Reference in text

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Place the author’s name, year, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation or introduce the quotation with the author’s last name and year of publication in parentheses. Always give page numbers for direct quotations at the end of the quotation and use the “p.” or “pp.” abbreviations

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Direct quotation

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Include the author’s last name and the year either at the beginning of a summary (or a paraphrase) or in parentheses following it.Page numbers are not required when summarizing or paraphrasing, but may be included to help readers locate the passage in a long work

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Summary or paraphrase

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Deliberate copying of somebody else’s work and claiming that work to be his/her ownUsing somebody else’s work or ideas without proper acknowledgement or citation.Copying the text without paraphrasing it.

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Plagiarism

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Three Types Of Note-taking Techniques

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing

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Identical to the words found in original text or sourceOther person’s ideas and words embedded into your ownQuotation marks and citation must be used

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Quoting

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Constructing a passage, of main and supporting details, into your own words; can be lengthyUsing your own sentence structureCite your source

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Paraphrasing

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Putting main ideas into your own wordsPresenting only the most important ideas from the text or source; brief, shortCite your source

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Summarizing

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Means to lift text and enclose them in quotation marks

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Direct quotations

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It is rendering the essential ideas in a text (sentence or paragraph) using your own words.

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Paraphrasing

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3 types of Paraphrasing

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Literal Paraphrasing, Structural Paraphrasing, Alternative Paraphrasing

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This type only replaces vocabulary terms from the original text

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Literal Paraphrasing

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This type changes the sentence structure as well as the word class of keywords of the of the original text

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Structural Paraphrasing

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in this type, the writer first poses questions about the text such as what the text is about, how the main idea is supported, and the stand of the author about the topic. Then, the writer answers these questions using his/her own words after reading the text; making sure that all ideas are connected

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Alternative Paraphrasing

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Is an activity that requires organization

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Writing

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Is the overall idea or argument of your workIt is a general statement that presents essential points that leads the reader to the right directionClaim or stand you will develop in your paperControlling idea of your essayGives your readers idea of what your paper is all aboutAlways framed as a declarative statement

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Thesis Statement

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, the thesis statement is the main idea of an essay

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First

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the thesis statement contains at least two supporting points which are developed in succeeding paragraphs.

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Second

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Parts of an Essay

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Introduction, body, conclusion

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Background of your topicPoses a questionExplain how the question is problematic and significantThesis statement

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Introduction

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Background of your topicPoses a questionExplain how the question is problematic and significantThesis statement

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Body

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Bring together the points madeEmphasize your final pointLeave a thought-provoking ideaSynthesize your main pointsEmphasize your thesis statementDo not open a new topic

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Conclusion