English Cset (Subtests 1 & 3): Composition And Rhetoric

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Prewriting

Back 1

In this stage of the writing process, the student gathers and selects ideas. English teachers can aid in the process in several ways: by encouraging students to create lists, conduct research, brainstorm, discuss ideas, collect memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-write.

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Drafting

Back 2

In this stage, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas. Depending on the purpose for writing and the audience of the piece, there may be few drafts or many.

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Revising

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This stage of the writing process involves rewriting, or re-seeing. At this point, the writer looks at the piece again, either alone or with the help of a teacher or capable peer. The writer strives to ensure that the reader is able to make meaning of the piece of writing. The writer examines sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece.

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Editing

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This stage involves checking for style and conventions - spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuation. At this point in the writing process, the writer ensures that errors in conventions will not be intrusive when others read the piece of writing.

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Publishing

Back 5

The going public stage. A writer can share his or her writing with a larger audience in many ways. Teachers can help by encouraging students to publish their work in newsletters, online publications, performance, brochures, magazines, school newspapers, yearbooks, and bulletin boards.

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Evaluating

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In this stage, the writer reviews his or her work and self-evaluates, and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the writing.

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Classification

Back 7

The writer explains the relationships between concepts and terms.

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Chronological Order

Back 8

The writer shows steps in a process or order of time.

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Climax

Back 9

The writer states the details first and places the topic sentence at the end.

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Cause and Effect

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The writer shows how events and their results are related.

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Comparison

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The writer shows similarities and differences between two or more subjects.

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Illustration

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The writer states the topic sentence first followed by details.

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Location

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The writer describes a person, place, or thing, organizing the description in a logical manner.

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Style

Back 14

The unique way in which a writer uses words, phrases, and sentences to express ideas. It is thought of as the ways by which one writer's work is distinguished from the work of others.

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Tone

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The writer's attitude toward his or her audience. The tone of a piece can be described as formal or informal, humorous or serious, satiric or sympathetic, or any number of ways.

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Point of View

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The perspective from which a piece is written. First person: told from the view of one of the characters. Third person: someone outside the story. Omniscient: shares thoughts and feelings of all characters. Limited omniscient: shares thoughts and feelings of one character. Camera view: records action from narrator's view only.

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Sarcasm

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The use of cutting wit to mock someone.

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Counterpoint

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The use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message.

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Praise

Back 19

The use of positive messages to recognize or influence others.

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Art of Persuasion

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Persuasion can attempt to influence a person's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors. In business, persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination thereof. Persuasion is also an often used tool in the pursuit of personal gain, such as election campaigning, giving a sales pitch, or in trial advocacy. Persuasion can also be interpreted as using one's personal or positional resources to change people's behaviors or attitudes.

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Rhetorical Square

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A device to remind us that, both as readers and writers, we need to be conscious of the art of writing. Four parts: What is the purpose? What is the message we want to convey? Who is our audience? How should we use our voice?

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Ethos

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An appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.

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Pathos

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An appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.

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Logos

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An appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.

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Fallacy

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An incorrect argument in logic and rhetoric resulting in a lack of validity, or more generally, a lack of soundness. Either formal or informal.

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Persuasive Speeches

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Three types of this kind of speaking:
1. question of fact
2. question of value
3. question of policy.

Each type is intended to get the audience to believe you are credible and buy into what you are claiming.

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Logical Argument

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A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning.

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Coordinations

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Uses coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs (with appropriate punctuation), or punctuation to combine short independent clauses into a single sentence. Implies the balance of elements that are of equal semantic value in the sentence.

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Subordination

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Uses subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns to transform independent clauses (main clauses or ideas) into dependent clauses (subordinate clauses or ideas). These clauses are subordinate to (and thus hold less semantic value than) the independent clause(s) to which they are linked.

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Adjective Clauses

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A group of words with a subject and a verb that provide a description. The clause starts with a pronoun such as who, whom, that, or which or an adverb such as when, where and why.

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Appositives

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A noun, a noun phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to another noun to rename it or to describe it in another way.

"Don't leave your shoes there, or my dog, Ollie, will munch them."
"My best friend, Lee, caught a whelk when he was fishing for bass."
"The beast, a lion, was starting to show interest in our party."

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Absolutes

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A group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole. It may precede, follow, or interrupt the main clause. It allows us to move from a description of a whole person, place, or thing to one aspect or part.

"The storks, their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky, circled high above us."

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Active Voice

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This voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb.

"Harry ate six shrimp at dinner."
"Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah."
"We are going to watch a movie tonight."

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Passive Voice

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In *this* voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.

"At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry."
"The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes."
"A movie is going to be watched by us tonight."

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Transitional Phrases

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Words and phrases that provide the glue that holds ideas together in writing. They provide coherence (that hanging together, making sense as a whole) by helping the reader to understand the relationship between ideas, and they act as signposts that help the reader follow the movement of the discussion.

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Parallel Structure

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Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

"Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump."
"Mary wanted to make sure that she made her presentation creatively, effectively and persuasively."

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Idiom

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A phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words.

"That's a given."
"Spread the word."