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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Expository |
Intended to explain or show something |
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Classification |
Classifying something according to shared qualities |
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Cause and effect |
When something happens it forces something else to happen |
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Comparison/contrast |
What is similar and what is different |
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Definition |
What something means |
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Process analysis |
Essays that are directions and explain how to do something |
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Descriptions |
Tell what something is like |
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Narration |
The act of telling a story |
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Persuasion/argument |
Arguing with the goal to get someone to agree and see your view on things or do what you want |
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Allegory |
A story poem or picture that can be interpreted into another meaning |
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Anecdote |
A short and amusing story about a real person or event |
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Biography |
Story of a person's life |
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Chronicle |
A factual written account of events in the order in which they happened |
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Diary |
A personal record with discreet entries arranged in chronological order |
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Didactic |
Intending to teach. Moral instruction Is usually an ulterior motive |
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Essay |
A formal short piece of writing on a particular subject |
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Farce |
A comic dramatic work involving horseplay and bufoonery |
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Fiction |
Made up story |
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Homily |
A religious discourse that is ment for spiritual edification |
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Non-fiction |
True factual recollection of events or ment to teach |
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Parable |
A simple story used to teach a moral lesson |
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Parody |
An imitation of a style with exaggerated effects for humor |
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Prose/prosaic |
Normal language without rhytmatic structure |
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Satire |
The use of humor irony and exaggeration to make fun of people's stupidity |
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Sermon |
Lecture given by member or religious institution |
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Stream of consciousness |
A person's thoughts and reactions to events |
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Analogy |
A comparison of two things usually on the basis on there structure with the purpose to make clearer |
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Apostrophe |
When a speaker stops talking to the audience and speaks to a 3rd party |
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Cliche' |
Overused and betrays lack of originality |
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Conceit |
A fancy and elaborate metaphor |
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Epithet |
an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. |
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Euphemism |
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. |
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Hyperbole |
Extreme exaggeration |
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Imagery |
Descriptive words used to paint an imaginary picture |
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Situational irony |
a literary device that you can easily identify in literary works. Simply, it occurs when incongruity appears between expectations of something to happen, and what actually happens instead. |
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Verbal irony |
a figure of speech. The speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says. |
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Metaphor |
Comparing without using like or as |
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Extended metaphor |
a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem. It is often comprised of more than one sentence and sometimes consists of a full paragraph |
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Metonymy |
the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant |
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Oxymoron |
Contradictory terms appear together "Shut your mouth when you talk to me" |
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Paradox |
A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to a self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. |
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Personification |
Giving human qualities to non human things |
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Pun |
Play on words |
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Simile |
Comparing using like or as |
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Extended simile |
Long simile lasting up to a few sentences |
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Synecdoche |
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs meaning Cleveland's baseball team |
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Understatement |
opposite of hyperbole. he presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is. |
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Alliteration |
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words |
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Onomatopoeia |
When word sounds like how it's spelled BUZZ |
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Active vs. Passive |
this kind of sentence will convey action, the person that performed the action will function as the subject of that sentence vs. this kind of sentence will be constructed using a verb of being |
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Colloquial diction |
language associated with a particular region and reflects differences in usage, connotation and pronunciation |
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Formal diction |
Word choice that is more suited for formal settings |
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Concrete diction |
more specific and tangible referencing facts and specific people or places, objects, or acts |
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Abstract diction |
this type of language is more conceptual and philosophical, refers to ideas, qualities, conditions, categories, and/or relationships |
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Euphonic vs cacophonic |
Euphonic sounds nice and smooth and caco. Is rough and harsh sounding. Like German |
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Literal vs. Figurative |
One is straightforward with no hyperbole and figurative distorts fact with understatement and irony |
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Mobosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic |
One has 1 syllable and the other has many |
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Jargon diction |
Words only used by a select group of people |
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Slang |
Language that is shortened and exaggerated for humor |
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Overstated vs. Understated |
Wording that makes it seem like more (hyperbole) vs wording that makes it seem less (understatement) |
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Allusion |
A reference to something |
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Ambiguity |
Uncertainty of exact meaning |
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Anachronism |
a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned. |
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Anticlimatic |
anything connected with turning out to be far less meaningful or exciting than was hoped |
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Aphorism |
a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, “if it ain't broke, don't fix it.” |
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Audience |
People receiving the message or story |
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Authors purpose |
The authors goal for what he or she wrote |
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Climax |
Most exciting part of story |
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Dichotomy |
a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different. |
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Digression |
a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing. |
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Epilogue |
a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened. |
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Epiphany |
Sudden moment when your view and opinion on things change |
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Hypothetical example |
is a fictionalexample that can be used when a speaker is explaining a complicated topic that makes the most sense when it is put into more realistic or relatable terms. |
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Inference |
Educated guess |
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Invective |
Insulting language |
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Juxtaposition |
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect. |
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Malapropism |
the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect, as in, for example, “dance a flamingo ” (instead of flamenco ). |
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Mood |
How a story makes you feel |
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Motif |
a distinctive feature or dominant idea in an artistic or literary composition |
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Point of view |
How you look at things |
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Rhetorical question |
Question that doesn't need to be answered |
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Sarcasm |
The use of irony to mock or convey |
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Sensory detail |
Imagery and detail that appeals to your 5 senses |
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Shifts |
refers to a change in mood or attitude that is typically accompanied by a corresponding change in the focus and language of a literary scene, passage or theme. |
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Style |
Authors way of putting words together and way he writes |
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Symbol |
When an item or something stands for or means something other then what it is |
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Theme |
Main topic story is focused on |
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Tone |
How author sounds and feels about something |
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Trope |
a figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression. |
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Voice |
is the form or a format through which narrators tell their stories. It is prominent when a writer places himself / herself into words and provides a sense the character is real person conveying a specific message the writer intends to convey. |
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Argument |
Conversation trying to get other to agree with you |
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Ethos |
Appeal by character |
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Logos |
Appeal by logic |
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Pathos |
Appeal by emotion |
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Claim |
Asserting something to be true |
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Counter example |
An example that disproves a claim or hypothesis |
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Inductive reasoning |
logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning is often used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior |
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Ad hominem |
Argument against a person rather then the claim they support |
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Appeal to authority |
Agreeing with authority without a thought. |
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Begging the question |
is a logical fallacy in which the writer or speaker assumes the statement under examination to be true. In other words, begging the question involves using a premise to support itself. |
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Either/ or reasoning |
Makes people belive there are only 2 choices and really there are way more |
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False analogy |
False Analogy. Definition: In ananalogy, two objects (or events), A and B are shown to be similar. Then it is argued that since A has property P, so also B must have property P. Ananalogy fails when the two objects, A and B, are different in a way which affects whether they both have property P. |
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Hasty generalization |
Fast conclusion to a group that doesn't hold true to all of them |
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Non-sequitar |
Derailment |
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Oversimplification |
The fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causaloversimplification, causal reductionism, and reduction fallacy, is a fallacy of questionable cause that occurs when it is assumed that there is a single, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly ... |
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Straw man |
You misrepresented someone's argument to make it easier to attack. |
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Qualify |
To make competent oreligible for an office, position, or task |
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Rebuttal |
a refutation or contradiction |
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Refute |
prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove. |
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Thesis |
a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. |
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Warrant |
Explanation of why or how the data supports the claim |
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Basic order syntax |
The words are chosen casually |
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Cumalative/ loose |
A loose sentence, also called a cumulative sentence, begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. |
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Interrupted |
Use of parenthesis to interrupt sentences to add info |
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Inverted/inversion |
occurs when lines do not follow traditional sentence patterns, for example when the subject and verb or the object and subject are reversed |
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Listing |
Appears as a list |
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Antithesis parallelism |
two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect |
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Balanced parallelism |
a type of repetition. A writer presents a series of sentences or sentence elements, all written in a similar style or manner. Sometimes words are repeated, but sometimes the repetition is only a similarity. |
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Chiasmus parallelism |
a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect |
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Periodic syntax |
has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive |
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Declarative |
States something |
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Exclamatory |
Loudly states something !! |
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Imperative |
Gives a command |
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Interrogative |
A question ? |
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Imperative mood |
that forms commands or requests, including the giving of prohibition or permission, or any other kind of advice or exhortation. |
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Indicative mood |
a verb form which makes a statement or asks a question. For example: Jack sings every Friday. (This is a verb in theindicative mood.) |
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Simple |
One verb one subject |
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Compound |
More then one subject or preticate |
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Complex |
a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses. |
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Compound-complex |
sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. |
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Asyndeton omission |
the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence |
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Ellipsis omission |
An ellipsis is a set of three periods ( . . . ) indicating an omission |
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Anaphora |
the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they. |
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Epistrophe |
the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences |
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Polysyndeton |
a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. ... Polysyndeton is opposite to another stylistic device asyndeton |
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Punctuation |
the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. |
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Colon |
punctuation mark (:) indicating.that a writer is introducing a quotation or a list of items.that a writer is separating two clauses of which the second expands or illustrates the first. |
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Dashes |
(-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text. |
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Parenthetical aside |
Proper use of parenthetical punctuation to enclose interrupters: commas, dashes, ... Similarly, an element set off by a single dash can end a sentence--as this aside does right now. |
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Semi-colon |
The semicolon or semi-colon (;) is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. |
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Solecism |
Grammatical error |
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Contemplative |
To think over a decision |
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Convey |
To explain an idea |
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Cynicism |
.an inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; |
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Diatribe |
a forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something |
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Diction |
Choosing words |
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Dependent clause , |
a group of words with a subject and a verb. It does not express a complete thought so it is not a sentence and can't stand alone |
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Dogma |
a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true |
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Elegiac |
(especially of a work of art) having a mournful quality. |
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Enumerate |
Mention one by one |
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Enunciate |
Say clearyly |
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Genre |
A category |
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Illustrate |
To draw a picture |
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Syntax |
Sentence structure |
