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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hartwell
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5 Definitions of grammar
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The 5 Definitions of Grammar
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Competence
Descriptive School Standard Prescriptive Rhetorical |
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Competence Grammar
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"the set of rules of a language known intuitively by its speakers.
Used by transformational-generative grammarians. |
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Descriptive Grammar
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"the scientific and systematic attempt to describe (native competence)"
Used by structuralist linguists and sociolinguists. |
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School Standard Grammar
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"the rules of the language taught in schools...drawn from masterfully written literary texts, so they tend to reflect the formal, written version of English."
Used by teachers for centuries (roots in Latin) |
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Prescriptive Grammar
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"an emphasis on discrete rules, usually elements about which the rules of Standard English and vernacular dialects disagree (often called usage by teachers and correct by the public)
Used by school teachers, business people as linguistic etiquette. |
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Rhetorical Grammar
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"terms used to identify sentence structures, often used to create a common vocabulary for talking about writing and its aesthetic and persuasive effects on the reader."
Used by writers (style) |
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Grammar isn't
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Spelling
Punctuation Vocabulary Writing |
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Writing process
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Creating
Shaping Drafting Revising Editing |
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Creating
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Invention
Coming up with ideas |
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Shaping
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Arrangement
Analyzing audience and purpose Determining a focus and a pattern of organization |
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Drafting
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Writing a draft of a paper
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Revising
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Making global revisions to large sections of the paper
adding and deleting paragraphs, moving sections around |
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Editing
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Correcting grammar, punctuation and spelling
Looking at issues of style |
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Morpheme
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Smallest unit of meaning in a language
Can be words or elements added to words to change/enhance meaning of words. (Ex. Word= morpheme -s = morpheme) |
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Types of morphemes
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Free
Bound |
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Free morpheme
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AKA-Root Morpheme
Can stand on its own (a word) |
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Bound morpheme
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Can not stand on it's own
Must be BOUND to another morpheme |
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Types of bound morphemes
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Derivational Affix
Inflection |
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Derivational Affix
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Can change the meaning of a word
Can change the part of speech of a word. |
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Exampes of Derivational Affixes
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un-
-ly -able |
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Inflection
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Does not change the meaning of the word
Does not change the part of speech of a word Give information about the case of nouns/adjectives and conjugations of verbs. |
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Highly inflected language
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synthetic language
(put words anywhere in a sentence and it will make sense.) |
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Modern English
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Analytic Language
(fixed word order) |
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Modern English Word Order
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Agent goes in Subject spot
Object goes in Predicate spot Sentence order: SVO |
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Inflections for nouns
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Plural (-s)
Possessive (-'s) |
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Inflections for adjectives
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Comparative (-er)
Superlative (-est) |
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Inflections for verbs
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Tenses
Aspect |
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Verb Tenses
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Present
(action is currently happening/regularly happens) Past (action has been completed in the past) |
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Tense Inflections
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Present Tense (-s)
(3rd person singular. He WalkS) Past Tense (-ed) (He walkED) |
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Dental Preterite
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preterite = past tense
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Formation of Aspect
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Combine a helping verb (be or have) with a main verb
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Inflections with BE
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Use present participle form of main verb.
Present participle = 'ing |
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Progressive Aspect
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BE + main verb using -ing
signals action that continues in present or in past |
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Inflections with Have
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Use Past Participle form of main verb.
Past Participle = -en |
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Ablaut
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vowel sound changes
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Perfect Aspect
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Have + Past Participle main verb
Action completed at a specific time in the past. |
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Contrastive Analysis
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code switch between vernacular and standard English
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-s
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noun
plural cats |
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-'s
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noun
possessive dog's |
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-er
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adjective
comparative taller |
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-est
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adjective
superlative tallest |
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-s
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verb
present tense he walks |
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-ed
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verb
past tense she parked |
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-ing
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verb
present participle progressive aspect she is dancing |
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-en
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past participle
perfect aspect he has spoken |
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Sentence =
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NP + AuxP + VP
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Types of Main Verbs
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Transitive
Intransitive Linking |
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Types of nouns
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Subjects
Objects |
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Types of adjectives
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Modifier
Compliment |
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Agent
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Does Action
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Object
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Receives Action
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Active Sentence
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Agent is in the subject position
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Transitive verb
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When the main verb of the sentence has an object
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Intransitive verb
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Action verb that has no object
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linking verb
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A non-action verb which describes a state of being (AKA copular verb)
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Subject complement
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noun or adjectives which is equal to noun in subject
(mouse = untidy) |
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Object complement
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noun or adjective which is equal to noun in object
tells something about the object |
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Diagramming state of being
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Special pedestal dude
Everyone is (in a hurry) (in a frenzy) |
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intensifier
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very
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Indirect object
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benefits from the action
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Direct object
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receives action
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trees
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phrase structure rules branch out from nodes in the deep structure of a sentence
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Adjectival attached to a noun
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which
what one |
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Adverbial attached to a verb
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where
why how |
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Helping Verbs
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Have
Be Do |
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Have conjugation
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Do on paper
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Have to remember
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1. The verb following the auxiliary have is always a past participle form of another verb.
2. If 'have' is rightmost verb = main verb. 3. If have is leftmost verb = helping verb. |
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Be conjugation
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Do on paper
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Be to remember
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1. If 'be' is leftmost verb=helping verb.
2. If be is rightmost verb=main verb. 3. If be is followed by a present participle, then it signals progressive aspect. |
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Do conjugation
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Do on paper
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Do to remember
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1. It helps make a positive statement negative.
2. It helps turn a statement into a question. 3. It signals emphasis. |
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had been speaking =
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past perfect progressive
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Modal
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Another class of helping verb
Expresses time, condition, or obligation carry mood |
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English has no...
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future tense
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Modal examples
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Present Past
can could may might shall should will would must (past) |
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Types of Voice
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Active
(agent appears in subject slot) Passive (object appears in subject slot) |
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Be + en
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always perfect tense
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Derivational affixes
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un-, -ly, -y, -able
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voiced sounds
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sounds which cause your vocal chords to vibrate
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unvoiced sounds
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sounds which do not cause your vocal chords to vibrate
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one sound vibrates and the other doesn't
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assimilation
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8 traditional parts of speech
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noun,
adjective pronoun preposition interjection verb adverb conjunction |
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Articles
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a, an, the
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Common determiners
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some, many, few, those, these
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