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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Protagonist |
A protagonist is the central character or leading figure in poetry, narrative, novel or any other story. A protagonist is sometimes called a “hero” by the audience or readers. |
Character |
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Antagonist |
Opponent of protagonist (main character) |
Relating to protagonist |
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Exposition |
First part of plot diagram (typically) . Outlines background information to introduce the reader into the story/play.
May include -time -place -antecedent action -atmosphere or mood |
Plot diagram |
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Antecedent Action |
Familiarizing the reader with background information like events that have happened before the story/play (This part of exposition is probably most important.) |
Part of exposition |
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Initial incident |
The second stage of the plot (typically) .
The first incident that introduces conflict/action into play/story.
Without this incident conflict in story would not begin. This does NOT include incidents that happen before story begins (antecedent action) |
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Rising action |
Stage 3 of Plot (typically) .
a related series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the point of greatest interest.
A point in which the protagonist gets doubted on his eventual solution
(The majority of short story is made up of rising action.) |
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Types of conflict (4) |
Man vs man Man vs himself Man vs society Mav vs nature Man refers to protagonist |
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Climax |
Stage 4 of plot (typically) .
-Turning point of story -When the conflict introduced in the initial incident is resolved |
Part of plot stage |
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Falling action |
the part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax (typically stage 5)has been reached and the conflict has been resolved. |
Part of plot diagram |
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Denouement |
Also known as conclusion The final part of a play (typically part 6), movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved. |
Part of plot diagram |
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Character foil |
that the character serves to highlight one or more attributes of another character, often the protagonist, by providing a contrast. |
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Deus ex Machina |
Whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and abruptly resolved by the inspired and unexpected intervention of some new event, character, ability or object. |
New event, character, ability, object |
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Dilemma |
In literature, dilemma is a struggle occurring within the mind of a character. Therefore, it gives readers an insight into characters’ lives. There may be a single or multiple dilemmas in a story. However, the purpose is the same that is to create a tension and complexity in a narrative by adding confusing and conflicting ideas. It also creates suspense and excitement in the story from the beginning towards the end. Simply put, the leading characters have to struggle, evolve and make choices in a story to change effectively. |
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Fantasy |
Fantasy is a form of literary genre in which a plot cannot occur in the real world. Its plot usually involves witchcraft or magic taking place on an undiscovered planet of an unknown world. The most interesting thing about fantasies is that their plot involves witches, sorcerers, mythical and animal creatures talking like humans, which never happens in the real life |
Common sense.. |
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Flashback |
An interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence. |
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Foreshadowing |
Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. |
'Hint'.. Seriously |
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Irony |
Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between the appearance and the reality. |
Figure of speech |
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Plot manipulation |
A situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved. |
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Symbolism |
Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. |
Representation |
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Anti hero |
Anti-hero is a literary device used by writers for a prominent character in a play or book that has characteristics opposite to that of a conventional hero. The protagonist is generally admired for his bravery, strength, charm, ingenuity etc. while an anti-hero is typically clumsy, unsolicited, and unskilled and has both good and bad qualities. |
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Point of view |
Point of view is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc. |
Common sense |
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Omniscient narrator |
Omniscient is a literary technique of writing narrative in third person in which a narrator knows the feelings and thoughts of every character in the story. Comparable with God, the all knowing. |
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Conflict |
A conflict is a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and an antagonist |
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Metaphor |
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. "I had fallen through a trapdoor of depression,” said Mark, who was fond of theatrical metaphors" |
Figure of speech |
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Figure of speech |
A figure of speech is a phrase or word having different meanings than its literal meanings. It conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another, which has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. That is why it is helpful in creating vivid rhetorical effect. |
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Personification |
It occurs when a writer gives human traits to non-human or inanimate objects. It is similar to metaphors and similes that also use comparison between two objects. For instance,“Hadn’t she felt it in every touch of the sunshine, as its golden finger-tips pressed her lids open and wound their way through her hair?” |
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Hyperbole |
Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. Example: "My grandmother is as old as the hills." |
Figure of speech |
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Understatement |
An understatement is a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is. For example, you win 10 million dollars in a lottery. When you tell a news reporter “I am delighted”, you are making an understatement |
Figure of speech |
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Simile |
It is a type of comparison between things or objects by using “as” or “like.” example: My heart is like a singing bird Whose nest is in a water’d shoot; My heart is like an apple-treeMy heart is like a rainbow shell… |
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Pun |
Pun is the manipulation of words that have more than one meanings. It brings humor in an expression. |
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Function of figure of speech |
Figure of speech is not only used to embellish the language, but also cause a moment of excitement when reading. It is used equally in writing as well as in speech. It, in fact, provides emphasis, clarity or freshness to expression. Clarity, however, may sometimes suffer because a figure of speech introduces double meanings such as connotative and denotative meanings. It also strengthens the creative expression and description along with making the language more graphic, pointed and vivid. |
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Function of figure of speech |
cause a moment of excitement when reading. It, in fact, provides emphasis, clarity or freshness to expression. It also strengthens the creative expression and description along with making the language more graphic, pointed and vivid. |
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Connotation |
Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations.For instance, “Wall Street” literally means a street situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it refers to “wealth” and “power” Examples: A dove implies peace or gentility.Home suggests family, comfort and security. |
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Overstatement |
Overstatement is an act of stating something more than it actually is in order to make the point more serious or important or beautiful. In literature, writers use it as a literary technique for the sake of humor, and for laying emphasis on a certain point. And the skin on her face was thin and drawn tight like the skin on an onion and her eyes were gray and sharp like the points of two ice picks.” |
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Adverb |
An adverb is a part of speech that informs about an action – how, where, when, in which manner, or to what an extent it has been performed. A combination of two words: ad, which means “to,” and verbum, which means “word,” or “verb.” |
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General characteristics of a short story (4 possible characteristics) |
Based off one incident or character. Is has, usually, from three to six characters It presents a conflict situation, from which suspense arises. It may or may not have a definite conclusion or outcome |
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Flat character |
A flat character is a character which may be summed up by one or two traits. She received limited development at the hands of the author. |
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Round character |
A round character is a character who is complex and many-faceted, and thus realistic. The author developed this character fully. |
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Static character |
A static character is one who is the same at the end of the story as the beginning. S/he does not undergo any basic personality changes. |
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Development (dynamic) character |
A developming character undergoes a permanent change in his personality as a result of the situation presented in the story. |
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Stock character |
A stock character is a stereotyped character, whose characteristics are immediately known because of common conceptions (or misconceptions about certain groups of people) |
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Indirect characterization (4 points) |
What a character says What a character does What a character thinks What others say about the character |
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Direct characterization |
What the author says about the character. |
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Happy ending |
Protagonist successfully solves conflict |
Obvious |
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Unhappy ending |
Protagonist does not solve conflict |
Obvious |
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Indeterminate Ending |
Conflict is not resolved. In this case there is no real climax and ending of story is undetermined |
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Surprising Ending |
Reader is unable to foresee ending |
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Types of endings (4 types) |
Happy ending Unhappy ending Indetermined Ending Surprise Ending |
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Physical point of view |
When narrator physically views action taking place. Can be compared to position of photography when taking picture. |
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Mental point of view (4 points) |
Omniscient narrator Limited omniscient narrator First person narrator Objective narrator |
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Omniscient narrator |
Author can be compared to God, seeing and knowing all. Story is written in third person |
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Limited omniscient narrator |
Limites omniscience to only one character who he knows all about. |
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Limited omniscient narrator |
Narrator limites omniscience to only one character who he knows all about. |
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First person narrator |
Author becomes character in first person. He cannot tell future. |
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Objective narrator |
Tells only what he sees and hears and does not interpret it or go into feelings of characters. This story is written in third person. |
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Emotional point of view |
Mood the author creates through the development of the short story |
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Types of Point of Views for narrator (3 types) |
Physical point of view Mental point of view Emotional point of view |
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Dramatic Irony |
When reader knows irony that character does not |
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Dramatic Irony |
When reader knows irony that character does not |
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Turning point |
(look up definition soon) |
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Types of irony |
(put answers here) |
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Allusion |
Reference to a person, or event in the past |
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Allusion |
Reference to a person, or event in the past Note: Really difficult to use in formal essay! |
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Thesis statement (add) |
The authors viewpoint - his opinion about his subject/topic that he is writing about. |
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Can you use figure of speech in formal essay? |
Not unless it's related to subject. Be really careful! |
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Antidote |
A little story within a story (Does not have to be in quotes) |
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Satire |
Add |
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Sentence inversion |
Add |
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Clause |
A word group that contains a subject and a verb, but is considered a dependent or subordinating part of a sentence because it needs an independent or principle clause to complete an idea. |
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Phrase |
Is a group of words without a subject and a verb and is used as a simple word in a sentence. |
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Phrase |
Is a group of words without a subject and a verb. |
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Independent clause |
A group of words that can stand alone as a sentence. It has both a subject and a verb and forms a complete thought. |
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Independent clause |
A group of words that can stand alone as a sentence. It has both a subject and a verb and forms a complete thought. |
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Subordination (literary term) |
1.Attaching a number of statements to one independent or principle clause and putting them in 'sub' order to it. 2. Adding a dependent thought (clause or phrase) to an independent throught or clause. |
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Dependent clause |
A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It does not express a complete thought so it is not a sentence and can't stand alone. These clauses include adverb clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses. Aka: Dependent groups of words don't make sense standalone |
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Dependent clause |
A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It does not express a complete thought so it is not a sentence and can't stand alone. These clauses include adverb clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses. Aka: Dependent groups of words don't make sense standalone |
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Sentence fragment |
Is any group of words that is punctuated like a sentence but does not fulfill the requirements because it is an incomplete idea. (most common mistake on essays) |
Biggest mistake on writing essays |
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A run on sentence |
Occurs when two or more sentences are run together with no adequate sign is provided to make the breaks(s) between them. |
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Semi color usage |
Add |
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Semi color usage |
Add |
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- usage |
Add |
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, usage |
Add |
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Simple sentence |
A sentence containing only one independent clause and no dependent clauses: “He went home after class.” |
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Predicate |
Add |
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Compound sentence |
a sentence containing two or more coordinate independent clauses, usually joined by one or more conjunctions, but no dependent clause. Example: as the lightning flashed (independent clause) and (conjunction) the rain fell (independent clause). |
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Conjunction |
1.A uninflected linguistic form that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words Some common conjunctions are “and,” “but,” and “although.”2. a complex sentence in logic true if and only if each of its components is true — see |
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Conjunction |
1.A uninflected linguistic form that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words Some common conjunctions are “and,” “but,” and “although.”2. a complex sentence in logic true if and only if each of its components is true — see |
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Complex sentence |
A sentence containing one or more dependent clauses in addition to the main clause. Though he was very rich (dependent) , he was still very unhappy. (independent clause) |
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Parallel sentence structure |
Putting items in a list in the same grammatical structure Example: 'There are trains to be caught, clocks to be punched, tasks to be done in specific periods, records to be broken by fractions of a second, machines that set the pace and have to be kept up with.' - reference to Time and the Machine short story |
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Parallel sentence structure |
Putting items in a list in the same grammatical structure Example: 'There are trains to be caught, clocks to be punched, tasks to be done in specific periods, records to be broken by fractions of a second, machines that set the pace and have to be kept up with.' - reference to Time and the Machine short story |
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compound-complex sentence |
a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, as The lightning flashed (independent clause) and the rain fell (independent clause) as he entered the house (dependent clause). |
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compound-complex sentence |
a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, as The lightning flashed (independent clause) and the rain fell (independent clause) as he entered the house (dependent clause) Add example here |
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Sentence balance |
Exists when identical grammatical constructions are used to place two ideas in parallel structure. Balance may occur within a sentence or between sentences. In a balanced structure, the complete sentence is involved, no unbalanced elements may be included. |
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Sentence Variety |
Is essential in creating interesting writing and can be achieved by expressing thoughts and feelings in a variety of sentence forms as well as in a variety of sentence lengths. |
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Sentence Variety |
Is essential in creating interesting writing and can be achieved by expressing thoughts and feelings in a variety of sentence forms as well as in a variety of sentence lengths. |
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Denotative language |
Is the exact, literal meaning of the word - it is precise, dictionary use of the word. It is usually a characteristic of more formal language. |
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Denotative language |
Is the exact, literal meaning of the word - it is precise, dictionary use of the word. It is usually a characteristic of more formal language. |
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Connotative language (FROM TEACHER! Delete duplicate?) |
Is language which suggests or implied, usually to achieve an emotional impact or the reader. It is a suggestive meaning of a word based on personal experience or association. |
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Subordinate clause |
A subordinate clause—also called the dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought. |
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Topic sentence |
Add Purpose of sentences is to guide your essay writing |
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What's another word for principle clause |
Independent clause |
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Alliteration |
Alliteration is when you use words that have the same sound at the beginning, like "Stellar students synthesize sweet sentences." |
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Allusion |
A passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication:The novel's title is an allusion to Shakespeare. |
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