English 2360 Exam 1

Front 1

Deconstruction

Back 1

The theory or idea that questions
traditional assumptions about
the meaning, identity, and certainty
of a text's meaning; there is no true way to secure the meaning of a text;
meanings are costructed by the
reader or critic in search of one

Front 2

G.R. Thompson

Back 2

A critic of Poe who interpreted the
ending of the Cask of Amantillado as
Montressor confessing to a priest about
what he had done, because it has
haunted him for years; Thompson was a
Professor at Purdue University and
literary critic of dark romanticism

Front 3

Daniel Hoffman

Back 3

An essayist, poet, and academic who
critiqued Poe's stories involving physcological interpretation. He was appointed the twenty-second Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1973. Wrote about Stephen Crane and Edgar Allan Poe.

Front 4

Marie Bonaparte

Back 4

Advocate and believer in Freudian
psychology; In "The Cask of Amontillado"
she interpreted their (Montressor and Fortunato's) descent into the
catacombs as descending into the womb;
She also helped Freud Escape from Nazi
Germany

Front 5

Jane Eyre

Back 5

A famous gothic horror novel by
Charlotte Bronte.

Front 6

Who was an influence on
Poe and Henry James?

Back 6

Anne Radcliffe

Front 7

Anne Radcliffe

Back 7

Considered the Pioneer of the Gothic
Novel. She uses supernatural themes
and romantic descriptions (Mysteries
of Udolpho); English Author associated with allusions in "Turn of the Screw"

Front 8

Gothic Horror Fiction

Back 8

Used largely by Edgar Allen Poe, a genre
of literature that combines elements
of both horror and romance or horror and mystery
(Poe was all gloom and doom dealing often with
abnormal psychology)

Front 9

Paul Valery

Back 9

French Poet and essayist, a pioneer
of the American short story form,
specialized in psychological literature,
wrote gothic horror fiction and realist
fiction that later dominated the early
19th century; last of the french symbolists

Front 10

Charles Baudelaire

Back 10

A French Poet (1821-1867) who also
produced notable work as an essayist,
art critic and pioneering translator
of Edgar Allan Poe. Thought of himself
similar to Poe; French Symbolist Poet whom looked at the ways in which Poe's writing impacted world literature

Front 11

Sigmund Freud

Back 11

Largely influenced Naturalism; he
believed that the complex between
mothers and daughter, siblings, and
other tensions in the family could be
traced back to the struggles with
"The nucleus of neuroses" called
The Oedipus Complex; also an advocate for Dream interpretation because dreams represented a door to the unconscious

Front 12

Platonism

Back 12

The opposite of naturalism/existentialism: The belief that objects of our thoughts
constitute the ultimate eternal reality;
the real world is the same as the world
of ideas

Front 13

Plato

Back 13

Greek Philosopher taught by Socrates; author of "The Republic," his primary belief was that the material world as perceived by mortals is merely a shabby rendition of the perfect reality that is not comparable to what humans can see. Mortals are unable to wittness the perfection. Plato attributes beauty to form and measure, aesthetics, and spirituality. Believed in the divine inspiration of artists.

Front 14

Friedrich Nietzche

Back 14

German philosopher EXISTENTIALIST in late 19th
century; challenged christianity and
traditional morality; existentialist
believing God was dead and the world a hostile environment where humans are on their own for direction; no divine intervention.

Front 15

Soren Kierkegaard

Back 15

Danish philosopher; Father of
existentialism; helped in development
of modernism and wanted to renew
christian faith and prove that people
were reliant on God's grace for salvation;
Wanted people to be aware of their
own identites beyond those socially
imposed

Front 16

Martin Heideggar

Back 16

Existentialist; German philosopher
who explored the question of "Being"
was involved in Nazism and supported
Hitler and national Socialism; he was
against art aesthetics
(against Naturalism- see Plato)

Front 17

Jean Paul Sartre

Back 17

Existentialist; French philosopher who
believes God is dead and
all people are metaphorically under
a death sentence; much of his literature dealt with human freedom and problems with human existence; existentialist humanism

Front 18

Albert Camus

Back 18

Was an existentialist; he was the second youngest to win the
nobel prize for literature; wrote
"The Stranger" dealing with problems
of the human conscience

Front 19

Darwinism

Back 19

A theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. The idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest

Front 20

Charles Darwin

Back 20

Evolutionary Scientist whom started out as a geologist; later assumed the leading role in the Theory of Evolution and natural selection. This science influenced the ideas of naturalism and existentialism; impacted realism making it the true scientific theory of the day

Front 21

Existentialism

Back 21

Similar to naturalism; but happened
in the 20th century; focus is on the
idea that people are entirely free and
responsible for what they make of
themselves; denies any spiritual
explanation and sees God as dead; Emphasis is on the uniqueness and
isolation of the individual experience
in a hostile and indifferent universe;
human existance is unexplained

Front 22

Naturalism

Back 22

Mid 19th century literary movement
focusing on the idea that the world
can be understood in scientific terms
without spiritual and supernatural explanations

Front 23

Marxism

Back 23

Idea that class struggle is the central
element of social change in western
societies; Marx believed in classless
societies; ideas greatly influenced naturalism

Front 24

Karl Marx

Back 24

Scientist-Philosopher who greatly
influeced the existentialism and
naturalism movement. He believed
that capitalism would cause an
uprising of the working class and was an advocate for socialism

Front 25

Patriarchal Society

Back 25

A male based society in which the
men are the rulers and
providers (A significant theme in "The Yellow Wallpaper")

Front 26

"Rest Cure"

Back 26

Treatment of a disease usually by rest
and islolation sometimes accompanied
by over feeding; Dr. Silas Mitchell
was the creator of this; this treated
women in the early 19th century (Major Theme in "The Yellow Wallpaper)

Front 27

Neurosthenia

Back 27

An obsolete term used for neurosis
characterized by extreme mental
and physical exhaustion making menial
tasks difficult. This is what the Narrator in "The Yellow
Wall Paper" apparently suffers from.

Front 28

Symbolism

Back 28

The suggestion through imagery of something that is invisible or intangible; The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships

Front 29

Alfred Kazin

Back 29

A writer and literary critic from New York whom wrote about the immigrant experience in the early 20th century; was also a critic associated with naturalism

Front 30

Third Person Point of View

Back 30

He, She, It, They, Him, Her... An objective point of view with statements not taking personal ownership; A narrative mode in which the reader experiences the story through the senses and thoughts of just one character. This is almost always the main character. The narrator cannot tell the reader things that the focal character does not know. Uses "he", "she", and "they".

Front 31

First Person Point of View

Back 31

The Narrator is a major participant; A narrative mode where a story is narrated by one character at a time, speaking for and about themselves. May be singular, plural or multiple as well as being an authoritative, reliable or deceptive "voice". Uses "I" and "we".

Front 32

Omniscent

Back 32

"All Knowing" A third person point of view, yet the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of other surrounding characters. Both the reader and author observe the situation either through the senses and thoughts of more than one character, or through an overarching godlike perspective that sees and knows everything that happens

Front 33

Selective Omniscent

Back 33

The narrator takes the reader into only one or two characters in the story as opposed to all;

Front 34

Objective (aka Fly on the wall or camera) point of view

Back 34

The reader doesn't see any of the character's inner thoughts and feelings, not even those of the point of view character. Reader only wittnesses the outer actions and dialogues. Employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead it gives an objective, unbiased point of view. Often the narrator is self-dehumanized in order to make the narrative more neutral.

Front 35

Name the author of "The Cask of Amontillado"

Back 35

Edgar Allen Poe

Front 36

What point of view is used in "The Cask of Amontillado?"

Back 36

First Person Point of View

Front 37

What is the main theme used throughout "The Cask of Amontillado?"

Back 37

Irony

Front 38

What does Montresor's family Motto "Nemo me impune lacessit!" mean?

Back 38

No one assails me with impunity

Front 39

What is the family arms Fortunato speaks of?

Back 39

Montresor's family motto is that of a snake coiling a leg and biting; alluding to the serpent in the tale of Adam and Eve

Front 40

Describe Poe's Family life

Back 40

Poe was adopted by John Allen who was originally from Scotland. Poe was very close with his step mother to the point of resentment in his father's (Allen's) eyes. His father was corrupted by gambling and outside romances deteriorating their relationship

Front 41

What did Allen do upon his second marriage?

Back 41

He disinherited Poe

Front 42

Poe marries his _____ whom was at the age of ______.

Back 42

Cousin; age 13 yrs old

Front 43

Describe Poe's Death

Back 43

At the age of 40 in Baltimore, Maryland where he was found on the streets unconscious; his death was mysterious

Front 44

What is Professor Chavkin's interpretation of "The Cask of Amontillado?"

Back 44

The Narrative perspective is very important to the story as well as the idea of Sadism in Montresor. Montresor knows that Fortunato will reject his ideas of turning back from the catacombs.

Front 45

The Psychological Interpretation of "The Cask of Amontillado"

Back 45

Marie Bonaparte suggested that the whole action of descending into the catacombs of Montresor's family winery was alluding to descending into the womb; a type of freudian interpretation.

Front 46

If interpreted as a story of Paranoia, "The Cask of Amontillado" was about...

Back 46

Montresor hiding his homosexual feelings towards Fortunato by deciding to eliminate Fortunato. Montresor is disgusted by his innate desires therefore abhores Fortunato, to the point of murder. Freudian Perspective.

Front 47

What is the importance of the Narrative point of view in "The Cask of Amontillado?"

Back 47

The reader must decide whether they believe Montresor to be a reliable or unreliabe narrator in order to interpret meaning

Front 48

G.R. Thompson suggests

Back 48

that Montresor is telling this story on his death bed to a Priest, seeking forgiveness for a sin that has haunted him his entire life

Front 49

Narrative Perspective of "A Tell Tale Heart"

Back 49

Unreliable Narrator

Front 50

Why is the Tell Tale narrator unreliable?

Back 50

He constantly denies his psychosis and fails to concern himself with the ethical implications of his actions.

Front 51

"A Tell Tale Heart" alludes to

Back 51

Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth when she yells, "Out Damn Spot!" as she attempts to wash the unseen blood off her hands after murder.

Front 52

Herman Melville

Back 52

Author of "Bartleby the Scrivener" (1853)

Front 53

What are the main interpretations of point of view in "Bartleby?"

Back 53

1.) Lawyer Narrator as compassionate and Reliable
2.) Lawyer Narrator as self-centered, fallible and unreliable

Front 54

Allusions supporting Lawyer as Reliable (8X)

Back 54

1.) Narrator's Tolerance and compassion
2.) Allusion to Caius Marius in ruins of Carthage- Bartleby= Tragic Hero
3.) Allusion to Adam- Narrator identifies with Bartleby
4.) Allusion to Adams- Colt murder Case of 1841-The Lawyer has sympathy for Bartleby because he looks at him as though he is Colt, a man left all alone whom alienation causes terrible consequences- Colt murders with a hatchet
5.) Allusion to Jonathan Edwards and Joseph Priestly, Narrator believes his actions are determined by God
6.) Allusion to Job: Bartleby being the job
7.) Allustion of Dead Letter Office: Bartleby was doomed by his previous job there
8.) Allusion to Bartleby as the victim; a living ghost

Front 55

Who was Gaius Marius? (Reliable)

Back 55

Gaius Marius (157-86 BC), Roman general and consul who had won great military victories for Rome. In a political struggle, Marius fell from power and was exiled for a time to Africa. He stayed briefly in Carthage before sailing to an island to escape his enemies. Bartleby like Gaius who escapes to island to die insane

Front 56

Who was Joseph Priestley?
(Reliable)

Back 56

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), English clergyman and scientist best remembered as the discoverer of oxygen. He rejected many orthodox Christian beliefs, earning a reputation as radical religious thinker. In "Bartleby the Scrivener," the narrator's phrase "Priestley on Necessity" may be a reference to one of Priestley's books,

Front 57

Who is Jonathan Edwards? (Reliable)

Back 57

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758), American theologian, philosopher, and fiery preacher. Edwards, a Puritan, espoused a form of determinism arguing that a human being cannot act in contradiction to the will of God. He explained his opposition to the concept of free will in his book

Front 58

The Story as interpreted with an unreliable narrator:

Back 58

1.) Bartleby as a non-conformist artist reduced to silence by conventional society
2.) Narrator Acts: Motivation, revealing rhetoric, allusion to John Jacob Astor
3.) Allusion to Edwards and Priestley
4.) Allusion to "Sons of Adam"
5.) Bartleby as a victim and/or misunderstood artist (Creative Person)

Front 59

Who is John Jacob Astor? (Unreliable)

Back 59

Famous financier and industrialist who was the world's wealthiest man at the time of his death. Astor (1763-1848) was a real historical personage. He plays no role in "Bartleby the Scrivener," but the narrator refers to him as a former client, saying Astor praised him for his business qualities.

Front 60

What is meant by "Sons of Adam" in Bartleby? (Unreliable)

Back 60

First man in the Bible's Book of Genesis. The narrator refers to himself and Bartleby as "sons of Adam" to point out that they are, in a sense, brothers.

Front 61

Who is Lord Byron? (Unreliable)

Back 61

George Gordon Lord Byron (1788-1824), one of the great English romantic poets. Known for escaping the country after a scandal. Bartleby as renegade artist?

Front 62

Who was Cicero? (Unreliable)

Back 62

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), Roman statesman, writer, and scholar who attempted to preserve the republican government (in which citizens elected their representatives) during civil wars that culminated in the replacement the Roman republic with a government ruled by an emperor. Lawyer feels he is like Cicero, when infact Bartleby feels like Cicero because he knows he will get sold out

Front 63

What are the key differences between the Book and Film of Bartleby?

Back 63

Film: Boss is represented as just another character
Ending- Bartleby is taken to psychiatric hospital
Location- Filmed in the 1960's in Great Britain

Book-set in 19th century american on wall street, NY
Boss is the narrator
Ending-Bartleby is taken to a prison where he dies of starvation

Front 64

Ambrose Bierce

Back 64

Author of "An Occurance At Owl Creek Bridge" Existentialist

Front 65

Bierce and Stephen Crane

Back 65

are considered to be among the first modern American writers

Front 66

Bierce's Definition of Birth

Back 66

Defined as the first and direst of our disasters; based on Naturalism

Front 67

Bierce's story is about

Back 67

the historical reality of the civil war but a metaphor for the human condition- Life is war, war is life

Front 68

Peyton Farquhar

Back 68

Main Character in "An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge" who was a well-to-do planter from an Alabama family. He supported the confederacy and would do what he could to help; eventually he is guilty of bad faith when he won't admit his condition. Guilty of self deception

Front 69

Major Theme in Bierce's "Occurance..."

Back 69

Many humans are sentenced to death, yet they refuse to accept reality. Instead, they make up their own. The protagonist imagines his escape, but in the end finds himself dangling off a rope which represents Bierce's bleak view of the human condition; Shows Bierce outlook on existentialism

Front 70

What is the Narrative Perspective in "An Occurance...?"

Back 70

Selective Omniscent Point of view (Third Person) but then shifts to Farquhar's point of view during the process of hanging

Front 71

"The Frankly villaneous diction that all is fair in love and war"

Back 71

Peyton Farquhar- "An Occurance at..."

Front 72

Charlotte Perkins Gillman

Back 72

Author of "The Yellow Wall Paper"

Front 73

Purpose of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Back 73

1.) A protest against the "rest cure" treatment for women whom appeared to be suffering from depression (Gillman was treated with this method, she felt it made the symptoms worse)
2.) A protest agains a male dominated society in which women are imprisoned

Front 74

Point of view of "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Back 74

First Person- because the reader can wittness the deterioration of the narrator which acts as a reflection of the author's own life; highly biographical
Reader feels what its like to go mad with "Rest cure"
was written to involve the reader in a popular gothic tale style to keep engaged in story

Front 75

Why did Gillman write a story as opposed to an essay?

Back 75

19th century women couldn't portray their opinions so openly, especially when they criticized a male authority

Front 76

The irony of the narrator portrays the feminist message in...

Back 76

"The Wallpaper" because only through a "mad" character can Gillman express her criticisms in a patriarchal society
Her husband patronizes her by thinking her childlike and the "Other" as well as neurasthenic

Front 77

Significance of the wallpaper

Back 77

Like that of a prison holding the narrator captive, shrouding her personality while portraying a sense of "Mental claustrophobia" in a society that stifles the minds and thoughts of women

Front 78

Significance of Creeping woman behind the wallpaper

Back 78

Represents the crushed and surreal creatures women become when smothered by a male dominated society; evokes a sense of terrifying entrapment in a world turned upside down

Front 79

“Why I wrote the Yellow Wall-paper”

Back 79

1. Nonfiction account of “rest cure” written more than 2 decades after story
2. Suggest importance of allowing women to work and recover “some measure of power”
a. “rest cure” not just ineffective but symptomatic of larger problems, such as lack of power of women in a patriarchal society.

Front 80

Henry James

Back 80

Author of "The Turn of The Screw"

Front 81

What are the two opposing interpretations of the story?

Back 81

1.) Ghost Story-The governess is a courageous woman who struggles to protect her two charges, two
orphans, from being corrupted by Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, former valet and former
governess--ghosts who are trying to possess the souls of the children
2.)Story of a neurotic and sexually frustrated woman-The governess is a neurotic woman who imagines that she sees ghosts (but they are
merely products of her own deranged mind)

Front 82

Why two imposting interpretations of The Turn of The Screw?

Back 82

The problem is the point of view; everything we know is from the first person
narrator, the governess herself. The key question: Does she see actual ghosts or is she merely imagining ghosts?

Front 83

Evidence for novel as a ghost story: The Turn of The Screw

Back 83

1. James comments indicate he intended to write a ghost story
2. Mrs. Grose identified Pete Quint from governess’s description of him
3. Miles’confession at conclusion of tale

Front 84

Evidence for novel as a neurotic tale due to sexual frustration resulting in hallucinations of ghosts.

Back 84

1. Governess infatuated with handsome uncle
2. Governess sees Quint on tower and is both attracted to and repelled by the stranger
3. Governess is only person to see ghosts (or admits to seeing them)
4. Miles and Flora seem sexually precocious
5. The governess is young, naive and (perhaps) susceptible to fantasy.

Front 85

That silenced him for a few moments.
Then he said—very quietly indeed, “Open the door, my darling!”
“I can’t,” said I. “The key is down by the front door under a plantain leaf! And then I said it again, several times, very gently and slowly, and said it so often that he had to go and see, and he got it of course, and came in. He stopped short by the door.
“What is the matter?” he cried. “For God’s sake, what are you doing!” I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder.

Back 85

The Yellow Wallpaper

Front 86

. For the first time in my life a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and _name omitted____________ were sons of Adam. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces I had seen that day, in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi of Broadway. (name work
this passage is from…)

Back 86

Bartleby

Front 87

“They can destroy them!” At this my companion did turn, but the appeal she launched was a silent one, the effect of which was to make me more explicit. “They don’t know as yet quite how –but they’re trying hard. They’re seen only across, as it were, and beyond—in strange places and on high places, the top of towers, the roof of houses, the outside of windows, the further edge of pools; but there’s a deep design, on either side, to shorten the distance and overcome the obstacle: so the success to the tempters is only a question of time. They’ve only to keep to their suggestions of danger.”

Back 87

The Turn of The Screw

Front 88

Freud suggested that conflicts between mothers and daughters, sibling rivalries and other tensions in the family could be traced back to the struggles with "The nucleus of neuroses," called

Back 88

The Oedipus Complex

Front 89

At this, after a second in which his head made the movement of a baffled dog’s on a scent and then gave a frantic little shake for air and light, he was at me in a white rage, bewildered, glaring vainly over the place and missing wholly, though it now, to my sense, filled the room like the taste of poison, the wide overwhelming presence. “It’s he?”

Back 89

The Turn of The Screw

Front 90

According to Prof. Chavkin the best approach to "The Cask of Amontillado" is to focus on

Back 90

The narrative point of view

Front 91

"Then you didn't undress at all?"
He fairly glittered in the gloom. "Not at all. I sat up and read."
"And when did you go down?"
"At midnight. When I'm bad I am bad"

Back 91

Miles

Front 92

"The outbreak," I returned, "will make a tremendous occasion of Thurdsay night;" and everyone wo agreed with me that, in the light of it, we lost all attention for everything else. The last story, however incomplete and like the mere opening of a serial, had been told; we handshook and "candlestuck," as somebody said, and went to bed.

Back 92

The Turn of the Screw

Front 93

Who tells the story in The turn of the Screw?

Back 93

Douglas

Front 94

"The moral of which was the seduction excersised by the splendid young man. She succumbed to it."

Back 94

The Governess falls for the charms of the Master

Front 95

"It seems to me indeed, in retrospect, that by the time the morrow's sun was high I had reslessly read into the facts before us almost all the meaning they were to receive from subsequent and more cruel occurrences."

Back 95

Governess, Turn of the Screw

Front 96

In Chapter 15 of The Turn of the Screw, What did The Governess say to Ms. Grose?

Back 96

She lied to her about Jessel; making it seem as though Jessel spoke aloud to her after the confrontation in the school room.

Front 97

"It is not seldom the case, that when a man is browbeaten in some unprecedented and violently unreasonable way, he begins to stagger in his own plainest faith. "

Back 97

Bartleby

Front 98

"There was some legal trouble, I believe something about the heirs and co-heirs; anyhow, the place has been empty for years."

Back 98

The Yellow Wallpaper

Front 99

"The whole thing goes horizontally, too, atleast it seems so, and I exhaust myself trying to distinguish the order of its going in that direction."

Back 99

The Yellow Wallpaper

Front 100

Striking through the thought of his dear ones was a sound which he could neither ignore nor understand, a sharp, distinct, metallic percussion like the stroke of a blacksmith's hammer on an anvil; it had the same ringing quality."

Back 100

Peyton's thoughts from "An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge" he is hearing the sound of his own watch tick.

Front 101

What splendid effort! What superhuman strength! Ah, that was a fine endeavor! Bravo!

Back 101

Peyton is breaking free of his bonds in his mind as he imagines his escape from death