Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Critical thinking |
A conclusion that is correct. |
|
|
|
Concluding involves believing |
If you conclude the battery is dead you believe the battery is dead. |
|
|
|
Beliefs |
Beliefs are the same as judgements and opinions |
|
|
|
Objective claim |
Is either true or false independent of what people think. Example: "there is life on Mars." (a false claim) |
|
|
|
Subjective claim |
It depends on what you think. |
|
|
|
Aruguments consists of two parts |
The premise--the intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part: the conclusion. |
|
|
|
Fact vs opinion |
People sometimes refe to true objective claims acs "facts" and use word "opinion" to refer to claims that are subjective. |
|
|
|
Issue |
An issue is a question. |
|
|
|
Truth |
A claim that is true if it is free from error. |
|
|
|
Use the word " Whether" |
Use the word "Whether" when determining the issiue |
|
|
|
How does our Cognitive biases interfere with critical thinking? |
By clouding our objectivity, personal experiences, fears, and desires that are not entirely rational. |
|
|
|
Conclusion words. |
When the folowing words arecused in arguments they indicate a premise has been offered and a concluison is about to be presented. Thus... therefore.. hence.. This shows that... so... consequently.. accordingly... this proves that... this suggests that... Chp 2 |
Stacy drives a porsche. This suggest that either she is rich or het parents are. Conclusion: either she is rich or her parents are. Premise: stacy drives a porche. |
|
|
Premise indicators |
Since.. For... in view of... This is implied by... When these words are used in arguments they generally introduce the premise. They often occur after a conclusion is given |
Either stacy is rich or her parents are, since she drives a porche. The premise is the claim that stacy drives a porsche. The conclusion...either stacy is rich or her parents are. |
|
|
2. Deductive Arguments |
Is used to demonstrate or prove a conclusion. Which it does if it is sound |
|
|
|
Sound and Valid argument = truth |
An argument is sound if it is valid if its premises are true |
|
|
|
Valid arguments |
An argument is valid if it isnt possible for its premise or presmises to be true and it conclusion false. |
|
|
|
Inductive argument |
The premise of a good argument doesnt demonstrate its conclusion it supports it Premise supports but does not prove the conclusion. |
Alexandra rarely returns texts. Therefore she probably rarelt returns emails. |
|
|
Causes are not premises. |
If...then are sentences not arguments. |
|
|
|
Four parts of an argument essay |
1. A statement of issue 2. A statement of position 3. Arguments to support position. 4. Rebuttals of arguments that support contrary positions |
|
|
|
Chapter 3. Clarity of language is important to the ability to think critically |
Clarity of language can be lost because of vagueness, ambuguity, and generality |
|
|
|
Vagueness |
A word or phrase is vague if we cannot say with certainty what it includes and what it excludes |
|
|
|
Ambuguity. Ambiguious |
A word or phrase is said to be ambigious when it has more than one meaning |
Jessica is renting her house. Is she renting from somone? Or is she renting it to someone. |
|
|
Semantic ambiguity |
Words or phrases |
|
|
|
Grouping ambuguity |
When sentence is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to group or one person |
|
|
|
Syntactic ambuguity |
Sentence structure is open to two or more interpetations because of sentence structure |
|
|
|
Generality |
Lack of being specific |
|
|
|
Chapter 4. Accept a claim |
Reasons to accept a claim A. It comes from a credible source (expertise and lack of bias) B. It doesnot conflict with our observation, background knowlegde other credible claims |
Believe the claim is true |
|
|
Reject a claim |
Believe claim is false |
|
|
|
Suspend judgement |
Decide there is not enough info to evaluate the claim... |
|
|
|
Use the word "Whether" |
Whether it could be true or not is based on what or who you believe to be credible or not. |
|
|
|
Chapter 5 Rehtotical devices |
Used to persuade or bring emotional meaning to something |
|
|
|
Euphemisms and Dysphemisms |
A Euphemism: seeks to put apositive spin on a negative event. a Dysphemism: is used to produce a negative effect on someones attitude or tone down positive association it may have. |
e:Waterboarding...not the fun one but torture d: Eating animal flesh sounds worse than eating meat. |
|
|
Weaslers |
Helps protect claim from critism giving author a way out. " Up to..." "some..." |
|
|
|
Downplayer |
Attempts to make someone or something less important. "So called" merely, nevertheless, however, still, although " only" |
|
|
|
Stereotypes |
A cultural belief or ideas about social group. Positive or negative |
|
|
|
Innuendo |
Uses the power of suggestion to say something bad about someone or something |
|
|
|
Loaded question |
Is used to imply sometimg without coming out and saying it. |
|
|
|
Rhetorical devises #3 can use humor |
1. Ridicule and sarcasm 2. Horselaugh Ha! 3. Hypbole--exaggeration |
|
