English 170 Fallasies

Front 1

Circular Argument:

Back 1

an argument based on an unproved assumption, as if it didn't need proving

Front 2

False Dilemma:

Back 2

proposes only two possibilities, one supposedly better than the other

Front 3

False Analogy:

Back 3

compares two things that are in fact not alike

Front 4

False Cause (Post Hoc):

Back 4

a cause- effect fallacy that asserts that simply because one event preceded the other there must be a cause-effect relationship between them (correlation does not equal causation)

Front 5

Confirmation Bias:

Back 5

Selects evidence solely on the basis that the results or argument matches one's own, ignoring contradictory results or arguments

Front 6

Straw Man:

Back 6

misrepresents an opponent's argument by placing a minor or simplified argument in its place, then attacks the minor argument

Front 7

Hasty Generalization:

Back 7

uses too few examples or other evidence to support a conclusion

Front 8

"It does not follow":

Back 8

suggests that there is a logical connection (such as a cause-effect) between two unrelated areas

Front 9

Red Herring:

Back 9

a fallacy of irrelevance that attempt to distract or sidetrack the reader, often by using on ethical fallacy ( ex. My opponent's business went bankrupt, how can we trust him to run the country?)

Front 10

Emotional or ethical fallacies:

Back 10

are statements that appeal to a reader's emotions in a manipulative or unfair way, such as partisan appeal, name-calling, guilt by association or dogmatism (simply asserting something without offering proof-often over, and over)

Front 11

Bandwagon fallacy:

Back 11

argues in favour of something because it has become popular

Front 12

Ad hominem fallacy:

Back 12

directly attacks the arguer rather than the argument

Front 13

Guilt by association fallacy:

Back 13

argues that something is unacceptable because a supposedly disreputable person or group favours it

Front 14

slanted language:

Back 14

negative language used to dismiss an opponent's claims; often extreme or accusatory and will make the arguer seem biased