English

Front 1

Adverb clause

Back 1

Because, unless, if, when, and although. The clauses act as adverbs, answering questions like how, when, where, why, to what extent, and under what conditions.

Front 2

noun clause

Back 2

serves as a noun in a sentence, has a verb

Front 3

adjective clause

Back 3

must contain a subject and a verb
begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that)
answers what kind? how many? or which one?

Front 4

prepositional phrase

Back 4

prep + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause
or
prep+ modifier(s)+ noun, pronoun, gerund or clause

Front 5

gerund phrase

Back 5

begins with an -ing word, might have modifiers/objects
can function as nouns

Front 6

infinitive phrase

Back 6

has an infinitive, objects and/or modifiers

Front 7

participial phrase

Back 7

serve as adjectives or adverbs within a sentence and usually need to come next to the words they describe.

Front 8

coordinating conjunction

Back 8

F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so

Front 9

subordinating conjunction

Back 9

after
although
as
because
before
even if
even though
if
in order that
once
provided that
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
unless until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
while
why

Front 10

conjunctive adverb

Back 10

join words, phrases, or clauses together
accordingly
also
besides
consequently
conversely
finally
furthermore
hence however
indeed
instead
likewise
meanwhile
moreover
nevertheless
next nonetheless
otherwise
similarly
still
subsequently
then
therefore
thus

Front 11

simple sentence

Back 11

independent clause, contains a subject and a verb

Front 12

compound sentence

Back 12

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

Front 13

complex sentence

Back 13

has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.
always has a subordinator: because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.

Front 14

compound/complex sentence

Back 14

two (or more) independent clauses and one (or more) subordinate clause.

Front 15

connotation

Back 15

emotional meaning of a word

Front 16

chiasmus

Back 16

second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed

Front 17

satire

Back 17

irony, sarcasm, ridicule

Front 18

apostrophe

Back 18

An address, either to someone who is absent and therefore cannot hear the speaker or to something nonhuman that cannot comprehend. Apostrophe often provides a speaker the opportunity to think aloud.

Front 19

metonymy

Back 19

use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related

Front 20

periodic sentence

Back 20

begins with details and holds off with the point until the nd

Front 21

loose sentence

Back 21

begins with a standard sentence pattern and adds details after it

Front 22

parallelism

Back 22

commas, ands, ors

Front 23

syllogism

Back 23

A=B, B=C, therefore C=A

Front 24

logos

Back 24

logical appeal

Front 25

ethos

Back 25

ethical, character appeal

Front 26

pathos

Back 26

emotional appeal

Front 27

missing the point

Back 27

the premises of an argument do support a particular conclusion, but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws

Front 28

post hoc/ false cause

Back 28

assuming that if B comes after A, A caused B

Front 29

hasty generalization

Back 29

making assumptions about a whole group based on an inadequate example

Front 30

slippery slope

Back 30

the arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction will take place, but it won't

Front 31

weak analogy

Back 31

bad comparison

Front 32

appeal to authority

Back 32

appealing to an authority that might not be credible

Front 33

ad populum

Back 33

takes advantage of the desire of people to fit in with others

Front 34

ad hominem

Back 34

so-and-so's argument shouldn't be believed because they're a bad person/ hypocrite

Front 35

appeal to pity

Back 35

tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone

Front 36

appeal to ignorance

Back 36

there's no conclusive evidence, so their argument should be accepted

Front 37

straw man

Back 37

watered down version of an opponent's version

Front 38

red herring

Back 38

partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent to distract the audience

Front 39

false dichotomy

Back 39

arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices

Front 40

begging the question

Back 40

asks the reader to accept the conclusion without providing real evidence

Front 41

equivocation

Back 41

sliding between 2 or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument