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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alienation (from Marx)
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separation of things that naturally belong together; antagonism between things that are properly in harmony
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Apostrophe
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absent person, personified inanimate being, or abstraction is addressed as though present
ex. Douglass "Oh Time," Melville "Ah Bartleby, ah humanity!" |
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Ballad stanza
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4-line stanza; alternating 4- and 3- stress lines (alternating tetrameter and trimeter); generallly a/b/c/b (but also a/b/a/b)
ex: Dickinson (ballad stanza, dashes, lyric poem) |
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Catalog
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a verse that presents a list of people, objects, or abstract qualities
ex. Whitman's texts |
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City Upon A Hill
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John Winthrop's sermon from A Model of Christian Charity; declared that Puritan emigrants should create a community (through a pact with God) that will be an example for everyone else
also seen in Lincoln's speech |
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Culture of Democracy
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absence of political equality, emphasis of "lived" and everyday world of democracy; shift from republicanism to democracy
ex: Whitman's "Song of Myself"; Douglass (?) |
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Elegy
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mournful, melancholic, or plaintive poem (usually a funeral song or lament meant for the dead)
ex. Whitman's elegy about Lincoln |
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Emerson's definition of "nature"
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Nature = everything but me; nature = your essence; idea that you become a transparent eyeball and can see and channel the rest of Nature; as we perceive world we bring in God; beginning of transcendentalism
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Emerson's (and Whitman's) definition of a "poet"
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Emerson's poet is new and unique and will write about the country's virtues; represents everyone "they are more himself than he is"; his expression is half of himself; transcends reality; driven by imagination
Whitman believes that he is the embodiment of Emerson's "poet." |
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Epic
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lengthy narrative poem, generally concerning events significant to a culture or nation
Whitman's "Song of Myself" is a hybrid of an epic and a lyric (not an epic because it is not a narrative and not a lyric cause it is not short) |
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Fascicle
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a discrete section of a book issued or published separately
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Free Indirect Discourse
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third-person narration that has elements of both the third-person speech and first-person direct speech
ex. Benito Cereno |
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Free verse
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form of poetry which refrains from rhymes, beats, or meter patterns.
ex. Whitman |
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Fugitive Slave Act
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1850 act that all slaves must be returned to their owners
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Garrisonian Abolitionism
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1830's radical shift led by William Lloyd Garrison; idea of immediate emancipation based on morality; threat to social order in the North and the South
opponents to slavery with advanced positions on race and gender quality--attached the state military and the church for their connections to slavery--believed abolitionist groups should be fundamentally inclusive (regardless of a individual's views on society, religion, and politics) and only require that the members want immediate emancipation--believed in the allegiance to government of god (direct obedience to divine law but only submission to the government of man with occasional disobedience) |
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Gothic
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Contains elements of horror and romance
ex. Benito Cereno; gothic mode of antebellum lit. representing violence of slave captivity,etc. |
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Hawthorne's definition of romance
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a mingling of the “actual” and “imaginary” that rejects the didacticism and historical emphasis of earlier novels
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Higher Law
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introduced by Stowe; in response to Fugitive Slave Law 1850; tying in sympathy and domesticity
law of God, not law of gov't, should be followed |
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Historical Novel
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a genre in which the plot is set amidst historical events, or more generally, in which the author uses real events but adds one or more fictional characters or events, or changes the sequence of historical events
ex. Foster's "The Coquette" |
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Idealism
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emphasizes revelation and imagination over reason and observation; see in Emerson's texts
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Industrial Revolution
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18th-19th century change in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions
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Internal Rhyme
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rhyme that occurs in the middle line of a verse
ex. Mellville? |
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Kansas Nebraska Act
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1854; act that gave sovereignty to the people living in these states to decide if they wanted slavery or not
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Lyric
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generally a form of poetry with rhyming schemes that express personal feelings
"Song of Myself" is a combination of lyric and epic |
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Manifest Destiny
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19th century belief that U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent; often used as justification
connects with the idea of Winthrop's City Upon a Hill ex. Jefferson? Franklin? |
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Transcendentalism
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New English group of people with new ideas on literature, religion, culture, philosophy; category that does not depend on material experience; spiritual state which is the ability to "transcend" physical/empirical; they actually disagreed a lot, but all renounced Locke
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State's Rights
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U.S. politics refers to the political powers that U.S. states possess in relation to the federal government, as guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment of the Bill of Rights
states exertion of power rather than federal power--person identifies with state before country ex. Hawthorne where he considers himself a New Englander before an American |
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Providence
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Puritan idea, idea that God is working in the world
ex. Winthrop, Rowlandson, Lincoln's speech |
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Sympathy
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feeling "at one with others"
Hawthorne's paradox of sympathy: that it both expresses the ability to commune with others through shared emotions and the weapon an enemy can wield for power Child shows the limitations of sympathy in an urban environment |
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Urbanization
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1850's urban populations come about; renewal of the celebration of "nature" by Emerson and Thoreau; middle-class reform movements about city's "vices"
ex. Child, Thoreau, Emerson |
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Slave Narrative
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Characteristics:
-attestations that the slave was a slave and that they wrote the narrative -authenticates writing -moves from slavery to escape to North or Canada -woman's point of view has to center on children and family -literacy = mental freedom - describes trauma - sympathy ex. Frederick Douglass |
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Culture of Democracy (real)
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absence of political equality, emphasis of "lived" and everyday world of democracy; shift from republicanism to democracy
ex: Whitman's "Song of Myself"; Douglass (?) |
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Cultural Nationalism
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idea that we can create literature that reflects an entire nation
ex: Emerson "The Poet", Whitman |
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Rational Religion
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God believes in consequences. God is aware of the reality of imperfection and willing to work within those restraints when dealing with people; focus on observation; anti-transcendentalism
ex. Johanthon Edwards |
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Reform literature
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literature that also implies that reform is heavily necessary
ex. Uncle Tom's Cabin; Frederick Douglass' Narrative |
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Sovereignty
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ability to govern oneself--connects with the ideas of the american government taking control away from the native americans and forcing them on the trail of tears
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Culture of Domesticity
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Republican Motherhood; women create a home that they raise children to be good citizens and that helps the country from the domestic sphere
ex. Foster's "Coquette" |
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monogenism
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theory that human races has descended from a single pair of individuals or a single ancestral type
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polygenism
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theory that human races are of different lineages, from scientific or religious basis
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