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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
def Risk
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probability of hazardous consequences
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Risk=
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(probability of undesired outcome)*(Size of loss)
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Risk assessment examins (3):
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Kind and degree of hazard
Extent of exposure (and to whom) Present or potential risks |
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Two types of risk assessment
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Ecological health assessment(effects on plants, animals, waterways...)
Human health assessment (Individual effects, societal effects, unequal effects) |
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risk Management
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Decision making process that considers social, political, economic, and engineering info along with risk related info to develop analyze and compare options and to select appropriate actions
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Goals of risk Management
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ALARA-as low as reasonably achievable
Risk-cost-benifit analysis-reduced risk worth the cost relative to beefits De minimis risk-regulatory cutoff below which the risk is trivial |
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Some types of system failures
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Mechanical
Interface Human-induced Exernal |
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Influence diagrams
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tools for visualizing relationships between different system elements
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Different types of phenomenon (squares...)
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Decisions-boxes
chances events-oval calculations-rounded box Objectives-hexagon |
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Event and Decision Trees-(6)
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Logical identification of outcomes
Probabilistic (probabilities in series) Decision nodes and probability nodes Begins with initiating event (or decision) Allows for comparison of paths Supports decision_making and policy |
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Decision and event tree notation
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Box for decision node
circle for probability node sideways triangle or small circle for end node Letters (such as P) and subscripts for probabilities |
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Risk-Cost-Benifit Analysis
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Compares benefits with probability and magnitude of bad consequences
assumes diminishing returns usually needs common metric can be combined with event and/or decision trees |
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Risk-Cost-Benifit fundamentals
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measures of costs and benefits
estimates of risk (probabilities) Mathematical equation for expressing the relationship between these three |
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Factors affecting Risk Perception
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Voluntary/involuntary
effects immediate or delayed risk known or uncertain occupational exposure or not common hazard or dread consequences reversible or irreversible publicity |
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Econoic topics important to engineers
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Rate of return
Interest Present worth/future worth, discounting Installment loans Cost-Benefit comparisons Life-Cycle analysis |
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Stages of Product Life Cycle
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material extraction
Material processing Manufacturing Use Waste management |
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Life Cycle Analysis
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Bases decisions on a long-term view
Recycle Remanufacture Reuse Reduce |
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Goals of industrial ecology
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Circulate and reuse materials
reduce the amount of materials used in products minimize or elimainate the flow of harmful substances minimize use of energy and flow of heat back into the environment |
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Areas of Concern in industrial ecology
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Atmospheric pollution
Water pollution Solid and hazardous wastes Radioactive wastes Land use, habitat, and ecosystems impacts |
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Two major fields of economics
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Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
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Annual Percentage Rate
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Effects of different compounding periods expressed as if compounded annualy
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Structure of a paragraph
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Transition
Core topic sentence Body Transistion |
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Properties of good powerPoint presentations
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Simple
Clean Subtle Consistent Balenced |
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Properties of bad powerPoint presentations
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Clutter
Obviousness Decorativeness Sloppieness Arbitraryness |
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Three Parts to a formal report
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Front matter
Body End Matter |
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Parts to the Front Matter
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Cover
Tital Page Table of Contents Lists of Tables and Figures Executive summary |
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Parts of the body
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Background on problem
Criteria/Method of evaluating findings Available options Findings/results Discussion/Interpretation Conclusions/recomendations |
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Parts of End Matter
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Blank Page
Appendicies References Back Cover |
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Structure of an executive summary
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Background Element
Summary Element Future-Oriented Element |
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Problems with sentences
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Hidden Verbs and subjects
Fualty parallelism Misplaced and dangling modifiers Unclear Emphasis Vague relationships between ideas Lack of point of view |
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Entities affected by failure
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Empoyees/workers
End users of the technology Public as a whole Natural Environmental |
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Ten Steps to engineering design (H and R)
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1.Identify the need and define the problem
2.Assemble design team 3.ID constraints and criteria for success 4.Search for solutions 5.Analyze eac potential solution 6.Select the best solution 7.Document the solution 8.Communicate solution to management 9.Construct the solution 10.Verify and evaluate solution's efficancy |
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5 steps in Dym and Little design process
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1.Problem definition
2.Conceptual design 3.Preliminary design 4.Detailed design 5.Design communication |
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Haik view of design process
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1.Need
2.Goals 3.Market analysis 4.Functions 5.Specifications 6.Conceptualization 7.Evaluating alternatives 8.Analysis 9.Experiment 10.Marketing $$$ |