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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is BMI and what are the values? |
BMI = weight/height^2 - Underweight: <18.5 - Normal: 18.5-24.9 - Overweight: 25-29.9 - Obese: > 30 |
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What is Globesity |
- The fact that the world is increasing in obesity - In Canada 60% are overweight or obse |
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Pathway from obesity > increase in adipose tissue |
- Increase FFA > increase in FFA use, TG storage, and lipid by-product formation > lipoprotein > pancreas (beta cell failure) or insulin resistance > Type 2 diabetes - Increase Inflammation > increase in insulin resistance > Type 2 diabetes |
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Describe cancer and its steps |
Cancer is a result of genetic mutations. - De-differentiates: no longer functions - Proliferative: grow uncontrollably, don't respond - Can not repair damage - Resistance to apoptosis (cell death) |
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Insulin (growth factor) in cancer |
- stimulate growth - suppresses apoptosis |
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Estrogen (growth factor) in cancer |
- stimulate breast tissue growth - post-meno, breast tissue tumours - bound to sex hormone binding protein (SHBG), making it less bioavailable less stimulation - free estrogen floats in the blood since not bout to SHBG (liver does not release) more stimulation |
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What is Gall Bladder Disease? |
- too much cholesterol made in the liver - solid cholesterol in the gallbladder - may occur due to rapid weight loss, which increases cholesterol synthesis |
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What is Sleep apnea? |
- sleep interruptions - fat around neck results in a blocked airflow |
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Joint disorder (2) |
Osteoarthritis - cartilage breakdown - weight increase pressure on joints Gout - uric acid deposits in joints - increase insulin resistance |
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What is weight stigmatization? |
- negative attitudes or mistreatment towards a group, mostly those who are obese |
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5 steps to converting food to ATP |
1. Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvate to acetyl-coA 2. b-oxidation: FA to acetyl-coA 3. AA are deaminated 4. Breakdown glucose, FA, aa enter citric acid cylc 5. Energy from electrons used to make ATP |
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Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) (3) |
1. Basol metabolism: involuntary actions 600-75%. Basal metabolic rate decreases with weight loss 2. Physical activity: voluntary activities. NEAT (Non-exercise activity thermogenenis: fidgeting) 3. Thermic effect: energy required for digestion, absorption, and storage (fat to carb to protein, in %) 10% |
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Energy Stores |
1. Glucose, 24hr supply to maintain function of the brain 2. Triglycerides used for 2 months |
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Major and minor contributors to storing kcalaories as fat |
1. Glucose to acetyl-coA = minor 2. aa to acetyl-coA = minor 3. Fa to FA to trigyclerides = MAJOR |
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When are dietary fats stored? |
When there is a POSITIVE energy balance |
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What is and what factors contribute to the EER (Estimating Energy requirements)? |
- Amount of energy required by DRIs to maintain body weight - Age - Sex - Physical Activity - Height - Weight |
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The difference between lean and fat tissue |
Lean: fat-free mass, example muscle and bone Fat: more fat, seen in babies, adult women, and men |
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Loss of muscle mass with aging is called... |
Sarcopenia |
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3 limitations of BMI, and how to improve it |
1. works well with body fat %, but not perfect 2. if you have high % lean body mass, high BMI 3. not good for pregnant or lactating women Include waist circumference |
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What is visceral fat and what does it do? |
- linked to central obesity - increase T2D and insulin resistance - release protein to promote inflammation |
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Waist circumference comparison |
- White larger than Asian - HC > Canadian Medical - NH > WHO |
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What is Hunger? |
- signals sent that one should acquire and consume food |
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What is Satiety? |
- the feeling of fullness - determines when next meal will start |
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What is Satiation? |
- the feeling of fullness while eating - tells you when to stop |
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Set-point theory |
- pre-determined body weight that tends to be defended - if you lose weight and reach a normal BMI, the body cannot tell that difference to being a normal weight and going underweight |
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Laval University Study |
- twins both at the same thing - if genes were a factor then the twins would have a similar weight gain |
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Ghrelin |
- SHORT TERM REGULATOR - from the stomach - stimulate eating - high before a meal and low after a meal - ghrelin resistance = in obese, levels don't decline as much and results in prolonged eating |
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Cholecystokinin, and name others |
- SHORT TERM REGULATOR - when chyme enter small intestine - suppress eating - others: Peptide PYY, and G1P-1 (insulin release) |
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Leptin |
- LONG TERM REGULATOR - released by adipose tissue - act on hypothalamus of brain - more fat = more leptin - leptin is present = reduce food intake - leptin is absent = increase food intake - leptin resistance: insensitive to STOP eating signal - obese individuals have high leptin |
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Insulin |
- LONG TERM REGULATOR - acts on hypothalamus of brain - reduce food intake - no insulin = EXTREME HUNGER - insulin resistance: suppress the "stop eating" signal |
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Thrifty metabolism |
- no single thrifty gene, but many work together to change the metabolism |
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Adaptive Thermogenesis - how it occurs - change in BMR (lean vs obese) |
- maintain set-point - overeating = increase in EE - undereating = conservation of energy - futile cycling: opposing metabolic pathways occur simultaneously - uncoupling of electron transport chain from ATP synthesis: heat instead of ATP, in brown adipose tissue - decline in BMR: more pronounced in obese individual - incline in BMR: more pronounced in lean individual *NEAT included in energy balance regulation* |
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Futile cycling |
- opposing metabolic pathways occur at once - contributes to adaptive thermogenesis |
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Achieving body weight |
- reduce weight by 10% in 6 months: improve in lipids, bp, and blood glucose - rate of loss must be gradual to avoid muscle loss - successful weight loss if after 2 years weight is kept off - must alway assess and take measures |
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
ABC A- Antecedent: leads you to the behaviour B- Behaviour: how you react C- Consequence: body change, mentally |
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Orlistat |
- acts on small intestine - prevent fat absorption - TG ends up in the feces |
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Gastric Bypass |
- reduce stomach size so there is less absorption - small intestine bypassed |
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What is dumping syndrome? |
- food enters small intestine too fast and causes symptoms - must eat small meals slowly - must take micronutrient supplements |
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Direct Calorimetry |
- determine energy in a food - burn it in a calorimeter - expensive + impratical |
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Indirect Calorimetry |
- compare O2 to CO2 - impractical - mouthpiece - measure PA + BMR |
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PA (Physical Activity) Value |
- variable in EER equations
- use weight and height to calculate |
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Bioelectric impedance analysis |
- current through body, and calculate resistance - fat is a poor conductor - affected by water, GI tract, and bladder must be empty |
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Skinfold thickness |
- measure subcutaneous fat with calipers from subscapular area - noninvasive - difficult in eldery/obese |
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Underwater weighing |
- difference between body weight underwater and on land to estimate bone density - sit on scale, expel air, and lower into water - can't use on kids or frail adults |
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Dilution methods |
- water is in lean tissue, not fat - inject an isotope into the blood sample to calculate lean tissue - total weight - lean weight = body fat - expensive, invasive, injections - more for research |
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Radiologic Methods (3) |
1. CT scan to visualize 2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): low X-rays to measure body composition 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): magnetic fields to create an image |
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What happens to leptin levels during weight loss |
Decrease |
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What happens to leptin resistance during weight loss? |
Decrease |
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An increase in food intake causes decreases in _______ _______ |
Energy expenditure |
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What is atherogenic lipid profile |
Blood lipids that increase heart disease - increase in LDL and TV - decrease in HDL |
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A decrease in body weight makes you more sensitive to _______ |
Leptin |
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Uncoupling of electronic transport chain from ATP results in ________ energy expenditure |
Increased |
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Regular _______ increase _________ |
exercise, resting energy metabolism |
