Energy And Cellular Respiration - Chapter 6, 7 - Inquiry Into Life Mader 12/e

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Active Site

Back 1

Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs.

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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

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Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP.

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Anabolism

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Metabolic process by which larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones; anabolism metabolism.

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP+P makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells.

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Catabolism

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Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism.

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Cellular Respiration

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Metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, a fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules.

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Chemical Energy

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Energy associated with the interaction of atoms in a molecule.

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Chemiosmosis

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Ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation.

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Citric Acid Cycle

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Cyclic metabolic pathway found in the matrix of mitochondria that participates in cellular respiration; breaks down acetyl groups to carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

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Coenzymes

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Nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.

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Cofactors

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Nonprotein adjunct required by an enzyme in order to function; many cofactors are metal ions, while others are coenzymes.

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Coupled Reaction

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Reactions that occur simultaneously; one is an exergonic reaction that releases energy, and the other is an endergonic reaction that requires an input of energy in order to occur.

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Cristae

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Short, finger-like projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

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Cytochrome

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Any of several iron-containing protein molecules that serve as electron carriers in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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Deamination

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Removal of an amino groups (-NH2) from an amino acid or other organic compound.

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Denaturation

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Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

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Electron Transport Chain

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Chain of electron carriers in the critae of mitochondria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. As the electrons pass from one carrier to the next, energy is released and used to establish a hydrogen ion gradient. This gradient is associated with the production of ATP molecules.

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Endothermal

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Chemical reaction that requires energy.

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Energy of Activation (Ea)

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Energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another.

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Entropy

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Measure of disorder or randomness.

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Enzyme

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Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction in cells due to it's particular shape.

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Enzyme Inhibition

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Means by which cells regulate enzyme activity; may be competitive or noncompetitive.

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Enzyme Substrate Complex

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Exothermal

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Chemical reaction that releases energy.

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FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

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Coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that becomes FADH2 as oxidation of substrates occurs and then delivers electrons to the electron transport system in mitochondria during cellular respiration.

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Fermentation

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Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a game of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate.

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Glycolysis

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Anaerobic metabolic pathway found in the cytoplasm that participates in cellular respiration and fermentation; it converts glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.

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Induced Fit

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Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s).

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Intermembrane Space

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The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondrial membrane; important for the establishment of gradients necessary for chemiosmosis.

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Kinetic Energy

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Energy associated with motion.

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Matrix

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Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles.

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Mechanical Energy

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A type of kinetic energy, such as walking or running.

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Metabolic Pathway

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Series of linked reactions, beginning with a particular reactant and terminating with an end product.

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Metabolism

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All of the chemical changes that occur within a cell.

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NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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Coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH+H as oxidation of substrates occurs. During cellular respiration, NADH carries electrons to the electron transport system in mitochondria.

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Oxidation

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Loss of one or more electrons from an atom or molecule; in biological systems, generally the loss of hydrogen atoms.

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Oxygen Debt

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Amount of oxygen needed to metabolize lactate, a compound that accumulates during vigorous exercise.

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Potential Energy

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Stored energy as a result of location or spatial arrangement.

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Preperatory Transition

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Reaction that concerts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl CoA for entrance into the citric acid cycle.

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Pyruvate

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End product of glycolysis; its further fate, involving fermentation or entry into a mitochondrion, depends on oxygen availability.

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Redox Reaction

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Oxidation-reduction reaction; one molecule loses electrons (oxidation), while another molecule simultaneously gains electrons (reduction).

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Reduction

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Chemical reaction that results in the addition of one or more electrons to an atom, ion, or compound. The reduction of one substance occurs simultaneously with the oxidation of another.

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Substrate

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Reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme.

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Vitamins

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Essential organic requirement in the diet, needed in small amounts. Vitamins are often part of coenzymes.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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The first law of thermodynamics - the law of conservation of energy - states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The second law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.

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Tidbit: When Energy Changes Forms

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Energy exists in several different forms. When energy transformations occur, energy is neither created nor destroyed. However, some usable energy is always lost. For this reason, living things are dependent on an outside source of energy that ultimately comes from the sun.

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Tidbit: ATP

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ATP is a carrier of energy in cells. It is the common energy currency because it supplies energy for many different types of reactions.

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Tidbit: Enzymes

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Enzymes are protein molecules that speed chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

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Tidbit: Enzymatic Speed

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Various factors affect enzymatic speed, including substrate concentration, temperature, pH, enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition, or presence of necessary cofactors.

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Tidbit: Redox Reactions and Solar Energy

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The oxidation-reduction pathways of photosynthesis in chloroplasts and cellular respiration in mitochondria permit energy to flow from the sun through all living things.

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Tidbit: Meta- Cata- Ana- -bolisms

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All the reactions involved in cellular respiration are a part of metabolism, and substrates can be used for catabolism or for anabolism.

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Tidbit: Cata- and Ana- In Meta- -bolisms

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Metabolism involved both catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breaking down of molecules while anabolism involved the synthesis of molecules. Breathing and eating are required for metabolism.

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Tidbit: NAD+ and FAD

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NAD+ and FAD are two coenzymes of oxidation-reduction that are active during cellular respiration.

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Tidbit: Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration involved the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. As glucose breaks down, energy is made available for ATP synthesis. For every glucose molecule in cellular respiration, a total of 36 or 38 ATP molecules are produced. (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the citric acid cycle, and 32 or 34 from the electron transport chain).

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Tidbit: Glycolysis

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Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose to pyruvate resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.

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Tidbit: Where Cellular Respiration Happens

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The preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of mitochondria. As electrons pass down the electron transport chain, energy is released and captured for the production of ATP.

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Tidbit: Preparatory Reaction

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The preparatory reaction produces the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, which in turn produces ATP, NADH+H, and FADH2. NADH+H and FADH2 pass electrons to the electron transport chain, which generates ATP via chemiosmosis.

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Tidbit: Fermentation

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When oxygen is unavailable, some cells ferment glucose instead of carrying on cellular respiration. Fermentation only yields 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.