Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the definition of primary amenorrhea?
|
never had menstruation
|
|
|
What is secondary amenorrhea?
|
when an established menstruation has stopped for a certain period of time
|
|
|
What is the karyotype of a person with Turner's Syndrome?
|
45,x (Monosomy X)
|
|
|
What is gonadal dysgenesis?
|
• generally refers to a condition where gonadal development is abnormal
• often only presenting streaks of connective tissue |
|
|
What are characteristics of Turner's Syndrome?
|
• ovaries fail to develop
• estrogen deficiency » leads to sexual infantilism • has increased levels of LH and FSH (due to negative feedback to the pituitary) |
|
|
What are physical characteristics of Turner's Syndrome?
|
• coarctation of the aorta
• cubitus valgus (elbows that are turned out) • epicanthal folds • fish-like mouth • low set ears • most patients are short (between 48-58 inches) • neonatal lymph edema • shield-like chest w/ widely spaced nipples • short, webbed neck |
|
|
What methods are used to investigate for Turner's Syndrome?
|
• Karyotype (most common; analyzes the chromosomal composition of the indivdual)
• Pelvic ultrasound (would see no ovaries OR a strip) • Gonadotropin levels (would be elevated) |
|
|
What is the treatment of Turner's Syndrome?
|
• no cure, but can minimize symptoms
• growth hormone (will improve growth) • estrogen replacement therapy (to promote the development of secondary sex characteristics) • surgical removal of streak gonads (to reduce risk of ovarian cancer) |
|
|
Can a patient with Turner's Syndrome become pregnant?
|
Yes. Patients with Turner's Syndrome can use reproductive technolgies and carry a donor egg. Uterus is still capable of carry a pregnancy
|
|
|
What is the karyotype of patients with Testicular Feminization Syndrome?
|
46, XY
|
|
|
What are characteristics of patients with Testicular Feminization Syndrome?
|
• patients are genetic males
• they have normal female external genitalia • have resistance of target tissues to action of androgen (target cells do not respond to testosterone) |
|
|
What prevents patients with Testicular Feminization Syndrome from developing fallopian tubes, a uterus, and an upper vagina?
|
fetal testes produce mullerian duct inhibiting factor which prevents the development of internal female reproductive organs
|
|
|
What is the treatment/management of patients with Testicular Feminization Syndrome?
|
• surgical removal of the testes (to prevent chances of malignancy)
• lifelong estrogen therapy |
|
|
What are other causes of primary amenorrhea?
|
• Delayed Menarche
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism • Isolated gonadotropin deficiency • Panhypopituitarism • Resistant Ovary Syndrome |
|
|
What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
What are characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
|
• female hyperandrogenism
• increased release of LH relative to FSH, resulting in an increased production of androgens (from Currents) • results in anovulation, multiple cysts, and ovarian theca cell hyperplasia * Santana said LH would be low; Current says increased release of LH (pg 765) |
|
|
Polycystic ovary syndrome is seen most commonly in what age group?
|
• seen most common post-puberty and women between 20-30 years of age
• associated with a family history of PCOS |
|
|
What are clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome?
|
• hirsutism
• infertility • obesity • oligomenorrhea (decreased menstruation) |
|
|
What tests would you do when diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome?
|
• serum LH and/or testosterone concentrations
• ultrasound (would see cysts) |
|
|
How do you manage a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome?
|
• estrogen and cyproterone acetate therapy (for Hirsutism)
• menstrual disturbance often responds to combined oral contraceptive pill • oral clomiphene citrate or parenteral gonadotrophins (to treat anovulation) |
|
|
What percentage of women with PCOS, who present with anovulatory infertility, will respond to ovulation induction?
|
80%
|
|
|
What is the cause of Male Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism?
|
deficiency in FSH and LH
|
|
|
What other abnormalities should be investigated for patient with Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism?
|
• the deficiency in FSH and LH may be isolated or associated with other pituitary hormonal abnormalities
• patients must evaluated for signs of: • Cushings syndrome • Adrenal Insufficiency • GH excess or deficiency • Thyroid hormone excess or deficiency |
|
|
What are possible causes of testicular failure?
|
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Irradiation • Viral infection (mumps) |
|
|
What are clinical features of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?
|
Depends on age of onset of androgen deficiency
• Cryptorchism • Decreased libido • Hypospadias • Impaired sexual function • Late closure of epiphyses • Microphallus • Scant body and facial hair |
|
|
What test should be done when investigating for hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?
|
• full pituitary function tests
• serum testosterone, LH, & FHS measurements • pituitary CT or MRI |
|
|
How do you manage a patient with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?
|
• androgen replacement therapy
• gonadotrophins (LH & FSH) are required to induce spermatogenesis |
