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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of GASTRIN?
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Stimulates the production of gastric acid (HCL)
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Pyrolic Sphincter?
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Regulates the release of chyme (nutrient broth) into the small intestine
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Function of bile?
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Contain bile salts that help in digestion and absorption of fats,, fats' emulsifyer,,
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What regulates the production of SECRETIN? Function?
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Stimulated by ACID chyme entering the duodenum.
FUNCTION: Stimulates the pancreas to release Bicarbonate to neutralize the acid . |
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Cholecistokinin (CCK)?
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Stimulates the GALL BLADDER to release bile and the pancreas to release pancreatic juices
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Enterogastrone...Regulated by? Function?
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REGULATED BY: Chyme that is rich in fats.
FUNCTION: Inhibits peristalsis and the release of secretion of acid. |
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Name the phases of gastric secretion?
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1. Cephalic phase.
2. Gastric phase. 3. Intestinal phase. |
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Describe what happens in the Cephalic phase?
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a. Sight, smell, taste or thoughts of food stimulate the CNS.
b. CNS sends signlas to the submucosal plexus(network of veins) to affect different cells to produce various things,, c. Chief cells = Pepsinogen. Mucous cells= Mucous Parietal cells = HCl G-cells = Gastrin |
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Describe the Gastric phase?
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ASK Dr, Schreiber
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Describe the Intestinal phase?
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Ask Dr. schreiber
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Neuro-endocrine control of apettite/
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ask dr. schreiber
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Leptin?..Origin? Function?
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Produced by white adipose tissue
Function: induces satiation. |
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Insulin...Origin and affect on satiation..
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Origin: beta cells of the pancreas ..
Induces of satiation |
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Pepide YY (PY) orgin and effect on satiety?
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PYY= Produced by the intestine,,
induces satiation,,, |
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Ghrelin,,,origin,,,and effect on satiety?
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produced int he stomach ,,,stimulates Hunger,,,
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Describe in brief how mature GHRELIN peptide is formed?
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Human ghrelin mRNA is translated into a 117 a.a ghrelin precursoe( PRE-proghrelin)
Then protease cleavage follows and acyl modification to produce the mature 28-a.a mature GHRELIN peptide. |
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What class of receptor does GHRELIN have?
and WHERE are GHRELIN receptors found??? |
G-protein
Found: |
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Relationship between GHRELIN and Growth Hormone?
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Ghrelin stimulates the production of Growth Hormone
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Function of LEPTIN? describe exact function in the brain?
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Leptin inhibits appetite!
in the brain- leptin increases the activity in the pre-frontal cortex ( a brain region) lined to inhibitory control and satiety. |
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What produces LEPTIN?
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Fat cells (Adipocytes)
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What happened to the MICE who did not have the LEPTIN receptor (obesin) ??
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They had uncontrolled diets (obesin).
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What kind of receptor is leptin/obesin receptor?
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ASK
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The experiment on leptin receptor knock-out mice!!!
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RESULTS: those given leptin had a decreased body weight!
NOTE: the loss of body weight produced by leptin was not accounted for simply by decrease of food intake,,,but,,,, |
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what is the heretability of obesity in percentage?
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70 - 80%
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Surgical solutions to obesity: Bariatric surgery???
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Reducing the size of the stomach using a gastric banding to change the size of the passage.
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Whats the physiology characteristics of the ADRENAL GLAND? and its general function?
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Located above the kidney.
Weighs 4 grams and is pyramidal shaped, Consists of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. General function: Regulation of fluid volume and stress response. |
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What are the two big categories of TISSUE-TYPE in adrenal gland? and its FUNCTION?
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1. Steroidogenic tissue: the adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgen steroids).
2. Chromaffin tissue: Adrenal medulla (catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrin). |
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Describe the three different ways of Chromaffin tissue (MEDULLA) ARRANGEMENTS ...in various vertebrates?..
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1. Scattered and SEPARATE from steriodogennic tissue (elasmobranchs).
2. Scattered and INCORPORATED within steroidogenic tissue ( amphibian and fish) 3. CLUSTERED together and INCORPORATED within steroidogenic tissue (reptiles , mammals) |
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Newborns and ECTOPIC adrenal tissues...
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,,,ectopic means UNUSUAL places, so newborn humans frequently have ectopic chromaffin and stereodogenic tissue, but...
it disappears before they are born, and if it's there,,these adults usually OVERPRODUCE adrenal hormones. |
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The steroidogenic tissue (CORTEX) of the adrenal gland has three tissue types...?
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1. Zona glomerulosa: produces mineralcorticoids (aldosterone). ( Stimulated byangiitensin and K levels).
2. Zona fasciculata: produces glucocorticoids (cortisol). (stimulated by ACTH) 3. Zona reticularis: Produces adrenal androgens. (stimulated by ACTH) |
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Whats the diff. between adult and featal adrenal cortices?
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in ADULTS: divided into 3 zones.
in Fetal gland: divided into 4 zones. |
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Describe the development of the ADRENAL GLAND in a FETUS?
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The fetal adrenal glands are 20 times bigger than those of the adult. even at 4 months they are larger than the kidney. After birth, it regresses and becomes involuted.
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Whats the significance of the FETAL ADRENAL GLAND?
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it's the primary source of DHEA, (a precursor to sex steroids).
DHEA is used by the placenta for estrogen synthesis. |
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Why are DHEA levels high in early-stage fetuses?
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Placenta uses to make estrogen
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Why do DHEA levels decline in later stage fetuses?
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Because of the resorption of fetal cortex and atrophy of gland
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What accounts for most of the increase in DHEA production in teenage women?
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Adrenal gland
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What accounts for most of the increase in DHEA production in teenage men?
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Adrenal gland
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Where is most DHEA converted into testosterone in men?
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Testes
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Where is most DHEA converted into testosterone in women?
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Ovaries
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Explain briefly what Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is?
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A disease as a result of deficiency of the enzyme of 21-hydrolase.
Symptoms: 1. Salt-wasting (absence of aldosterone). 2. Forming too many androgens (up-regulation of 17-hydroxylase)- leading to virilization of female fetuses. |
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What hormones are would be UNDER-produced if 21-hydroxylase in non-functional?
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Cortisol and Aldosterone
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What hormones would be OVER-produced if the enzyme is NOt functional?
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Adrenal adrogens - leading to virilization of female fetuses or hyper-masculation.
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What are some of the other symptoms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
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2. Hirsutism: Excess facial hair.,,,
ALSO causes ambiguos genitalia in newborn girls |
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What is CORTICAL ADENOMA?
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A tumor of the cortex of the adrenal gland.. due to hyperaldosteronism/...
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What is the CAUSE of HyperAldosteronism? and how?
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Caused by lack of a 17-hydroxylase enzyme.
-Progestrone can either beconverted into androgens by 17-hydroxylase or to aldesterone in the absence of the enzyme,,,hence HYPER ALDOSTERONISM... |
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What happens to cortisol production in the absence of 17-hydroxylase?
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No cortisol is produced.. (enzyme needed to make the hydroxyprogesterone from progesterone)
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What happens to adrenal androgen production?
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Overproduction of androgens,,,,,,just needs 21-hydroxylase enzyme,,,
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What is the cause of PRIMARY hyperaldosteronism? Which blood hormones are unusually low?
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Cause: Tumor overgrowth
Cortisol and androgens |
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What are two possible causes of SECONDARY hyperaldosteronism? which blood hormones are unusually
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1.Overproduction of renin.
2. Overproduction of angiotensin. cortisol |
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What is ADDISON'S DISEASE?
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Hypocortisolism (caused by destruction of the gland): excess ACTH production due to low cortisol production)
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What is CUSHING'S disease?
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Hypercortisolism,,,(Adrenal cortex tumor or ectopic ACTH production)
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what is ectopic production?
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Leftover adrenal stuff elsewhere producing excess,,,
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What causes of ADRENAL ATROPHY?
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by:
1. addison's disease: (decreased ACTH) 2. Long-ter corticosteroid therapy... |
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What causes the Adrenal gland to be BIG?
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Cortical hyperplasia (the cortex being big). This could be due to a pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH (Chushing's disease), or Cushing's disease from ectopic ACTH production.
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What is adrenal paraganglioma?
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Enlarged adrenal MEDULLA,
Tumor secrets catachelomines (epinephrin and norepinephrin) |
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What are the blood symptoms might you expect to see in someone with ADRENAL PARAGANGLIOMA?
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increased blood pressure and increased blood glucose.
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What's the Big difference between Somatic nervous system and AUTONOMIC nervous system?
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SOMATIC: CNS neurons directly innervate skeletal muscle.
AUTONOMIC: CNS neurons innervate GANGLIA (neurons outside the CNS): then GNGLIA innervate effector tissues. |
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AUTONOMC PATHWAYS is dividedinto two: parasympathettic and Sympathetic?...Diff. the two in terms of innervation?
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Parasympathetic: Releases Ach (acetilnecholine)
Sympathetic: Releases norepinephrin. |
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ADRENAL sympathetic pathway,,special AUTONOMIC pathway,,whats special about it,,
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releases epinephrine
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What's special and modified about the adrenal medulla?
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The Adrenal medulla has Modified Sympathetic Ganglia, that release neurotransmitters straight into the bloodstream, NOT into a synapse.
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What are CHROMAFFIN cells?
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-Receive sympathetic input from sympathetic neurons.
-These are the cells that release epinephrin or norepinephrin in the adrenal medulla. |
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What are the proportions for the hormones in the Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
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1. Epinephrin- apporx. 70%
2. Norepinephrin - approx. 30% 3. Dopamine (trace amounts). |
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Give an example of a modified sympathetic ganglion?
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Adrenal medulla.
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