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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Vertebrates are ________feeders, they have a "feast or famine strategy"
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Periodic
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as opposed to "filter" feeders
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Distribution of Stored Fuels
1. 2. 3. |
1. Fat(Adipose Tissue)
2. Glycogen in Muscle and Liver 3. Protein in Muscle |
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DRAW a diagram, phases of Digestion and Metabolism
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Anabolism above the line, corresponds to glucose spikes at meals.Catabolism below the line, antagonistic effects
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Intermediary Metabolism
How does catabolism work? |
Catabolism converts fuel molecules into carbon, water and amines. The fuel is required for movement
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Proper names, Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Glycogen to Glucose? Glucose to Glycogen? Glucore to Pyruvate? |
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis Glycolysis |
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What is the pathway for amino acid metabolism?
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dietary proteins to amino acids are then deaminated
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Pathway for lipid metabolism?
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Lipids to Glycerol to Gluconeogenesis
Lipids to Fatty Acids to Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, also reached through glycolysis |
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Overview of Catabolism, what are the three ways to get to Acetyl-coenzyme A?
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1. Dietary proteins to amino acids that are deanimated to Ace-CoA
2.Carbs to glucose through glycolysis 3. Fats to Fatty Acids |
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Where does the third step of catabolism occur? What is special about the FA Oxidation?
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In the cytoplasm; it occurs in the nucleus.
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What does the Coenzyme A do?
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It goes to TCA within the mitochondrion to make ATP after losing an electron or it can make fat.
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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Making Glucose from a new, non glucose source like amino acids
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What are the phases of Digestion?
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Absorptive and Post-absorptive
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What is used for maintenance in the absorptive state? In the post absorptive state?
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1.Glucose
2. Fatty Acids and ketones |
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What is stored in the aborptive state? For breaking down stores in the post absorptive state?
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1. surplus glucose
2. pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, amino acids (gluconeogenesis) |
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In the absorptive phase what does insulin stimulate? What is LPL
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The uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells: Lipoprotein Lipase
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Summary of Nutrient Metabolism during the absorptive period:
1. Energy is provided primarily by the absorbed _________in the typical meal |
carbohydrate
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2. There is a net uptake of _________by the liver
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glucose
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Some carbohydrate is stored as _______in the liver and muscle, but most excess is stored as _____ in ______ _______.
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glycogen
fat adipose tissue |
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Proinsulin has an extra __peptide chain and double chain _____molecule
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C
insulin |
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Stimulates for Insulin Secretion (3)
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increased blood glucose
amino acids fatty acids |
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Stimulates for Insulin Secretion (3 more)
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Gastrin, Secretin, CCK
Parasympathetic (acetylcholine) Glucagon |
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Inhibitors for Insulin Secretion (3)
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Somatostatin
Epinephrine Sympathetic (nor-epinephrine) |
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Anabolism is predominately, high ____/low ______
Catabolism is predominately, low___/high_____ |
anabolism- high insulin, low glucagon
catabolism-low insulin, high glucagon |
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In the absorptive state, there is increased secretion of (3)
and ______________activity |
GIP
amino acids glucose parasympathetic |
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In the post absorptive phase or the flight or flight response there is increased ___________secretion and _________activity
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epinephrine
sympathetic |
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The absorptive phase ______ beta pancreas cells, the post absorptive phase ______beta cells
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stimulates
suppresses |
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Increased Insulin Secretion for most tissues means:
1. Increased ______uptake except brain, liver, exercising muscle 2. Increased ______uptake 3. ________synthesis 4.Decreased_________breakdown |
1.Glucose
2.Amino Acid 3. Protein 4.Protein |
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Increased Insulin Secretion for adipose tissue means:
1. Increased ______ _________ and _________ synthesis 2. Decreased ___________ |
1. Fatty Acid and Triglyceride syntheses
2.Lipolysis |
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Increased Insulin Secretion for the liver and muscles means:
1 Increased _________synthesis 2. Decreased ____________ |
Glycogen Synthesis
Glycogenolysis |
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Increased Insulin Secretion for the liver means:
1.Increased ____________ 2. Decreased ______________ |
Fatty Acid and Triglyceride synthesis
Gluconeogenesis |
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Glucose and glucogenesis is needed for what type of tissue in the post-absorptive state?
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nervous tissue
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Note the glucose sparing function of _______, _______and _______
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cortisol,
GH IGF-1 |
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Nutrient Metabolism during the post-absorptive Period
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1. glucose, fat trotein synthesis curtailed
2. breakdown occurs 3.gluconeogenesis 4.ketonization |
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Most glucose turnover overnight comes from ________through ________ and goes to the _______
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lactate
glycogenoLYSIS brain |
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Excorine pancreas secretes _____________, the endocrine pancreas secretes_________
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a digestive juice
insulin and glucogen |
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The ______cell has the highest percentage of the Endocrine Pancreas
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Beta
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What do the cells secrete?
A B D F |
25 A-Glucagon, proglucagon
60 B-insulin, C peptide, proinsulin10 10 D-somatostatin 1 F-Pancreatic Peptide |
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How are the Islets of Langerhans organized
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beta in the center, glucagones towards the edges and interspersed somatostatin cells
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How are glucose transproters recycled
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through endocytosis
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Insulin stimulates ________ to take up _________
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adipose tissue to take up _________
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Insulin secretion decreases glucose, fatty acids, amino acids in ________
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the blood
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Through feedback, increased plasma glucose ultimately leads to _________
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plasma glucose due to increased glucose uptake and cessation of glucose output
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Explain the effects of Plasma insulin secretion on ketones
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more insulin-no ketones
less insulin-ketonization |
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What enzyme induced by insulin brings fatty acids into adipose tissue?
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Lipoprotein Lipase
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Anabolic Effects of Insulin
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glycogen storage
triglyceride synthesis |
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Anticatabolic Effects of insulin
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inhibits glycogenesis, ketongenesis, gluconeogenesis
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catabolic effects of insulin
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glycolysis
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Endocrine effects of insulin on muscle
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protein synthesis(amino acid transport) and glycogen (glucose transport) synthesis
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Insulin on fat cells
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lipoprotein lipase
glucose transport intracellular lipolysis inhibited |
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What are some counterregulartory hormones to Insulin
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Glucagon, Catecholamines,
Cortisol and GH |
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Insulin secretion decreases glucose, fatty acids, amino acids in ________
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the blood
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Through feedback, increased plasma glucose ultimately leads to _________
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plasma glucose due to increased glucose uptake and cessation of glucose output
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Explain the effects of Plasma insulin secretion on ketones
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more insulin-no ketones
less insulin-ketonization |
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What enzyme induced by insulin brings fatty acids into adipose tissue?
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Lipoprotein Lipase
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Anabolic Effects of Insulin
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glycogen storage
triglyceride synthesis |
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Anticatabolic Effects of insulin
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inhibits glycogenesis, ketongenesis, gluconeogenesis
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catabolic effects of insulin
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glycolysis
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Endocrine effects of insulin on muscle
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protein synthesis(amino acid transport) and glycogen (glucose transport) synthesis
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Insulin on fat cells
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lipoprotein lipase
glucose transport intracellular lipolysis inhibited |
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What are some counterregulartory hormones to Insulin
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Glucagon, Catecholamines,
Cortisol and GH |
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Insulin secretion decreases glucose, fatty acids, amino acids in ________
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the blood
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Through feedback, increased plasma glucose ultimately leads to _________
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plasma glucose due to increased glucose uptake and cessation of glucose output
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Explain the effects of Plasma insulin secretion on ketones
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more insulin-no ketones
less insulin-ketonization |
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What enzyme induced by insulin brings fatty acids into adipose tissue?
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Lipoprotein Lipase
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Anabolic Effects of Insulin
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glycogen storage
triglyceride synthesis |
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Anticatabolic Effects of insulin
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inhibits glycogenesis, ketongenesis, gluconeogenesis
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catabolic effects of insulin
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glycolysis
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Endocrine effects of insulin on muscle
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protein synthesis(amino acid transport) and glycogen (glucose transport) synthesis
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Insulin on fat cells
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lipoprotein lipase
glucose transport intracellular lipolysis inhibited |
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What are some counterregulartory hormones to Insulin
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Glucagon, Catecholamines,
Cortisol and GH |
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Insulin Stimulates and depresses...
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Glucose Use
Glycogen |
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Catecholamines and cortisol increase and decrease
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Glycogenolysis
Glucose uptake |
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Growth hormone depresses
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glucose uptake
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What are the three pancreatic hormones?
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Insulin
Glucagon Somatostatin |
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What is the overall effect of glucagon?
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To increase fuel molecules in the blood
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What is the effect of glucagon on the liver? In adipose tissues?
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Increases plasma glucose and ketones, increase fatty acids
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As glucose decreases....
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Glucagon increases, insulin decreases
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What happens after a high protein mean?
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increased blood amino acid concentration, hyperglycemia, insulin promoting the uptake and assimilation of amino acids
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What stimulates glucagon secretion
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Low blood glucose
amino acids epinephrine nor epinephrine |
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What inhibits glucagon?
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Fatty Acids
Somatostatin Insulin Acetylcholine |
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What is the overall effect of Somatostatin?
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Decrease rate of digestion and fuel absorption
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What does IGF-1 (somatomedin) do?
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muscle growth, bone growth
glucose sparings high concentrations stimulate somatostatin |
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What is the net effect of growth hormone?
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Increase blood glucose and fatty acid
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What is the overall effect of cortisol?
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Increase glucose and fatty acid
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Which hormones increase plasma glucose?
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Glucagon
Epinephrine GH Plasma glucose |
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Which hormones decrease plasma glucose?
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Insulin
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What effect does thyroid hormone have on plasma glucose levels?
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none
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What does somatostatin do?
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Inhibits both insulin and glucogon
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What does epinephrine do?
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increase glucose and fatty acids
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What is the effect of GH?
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Increase glucose and fatty acids in blood, is glucose sparing
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What hormones have feedback loop with GH?
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GHRH stimulates
SS inhibits, looking atGHRH and low blood sugar |
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what is the effect of IGF-1
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muscle growth, bone growth, glucose sparing, very high levels stimulate somatostatin
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Type 1 diabetes
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inflammation of islets, destruction of B cells
can be immune mediated or idiopathic |
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Type 2 diabetes
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inability to make enough insulin or use it. Insulin resistance at fat and muscle cell level
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Type 2A
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few receptors, affinity for receptors
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Type 2B
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antibodies against receptors
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What do large babies have to do with diabetes
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high glucose crosses to fetus, fetus makes insulin, insulin acts as a growth factor leading to hypoglycemia of the child, acidosis
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GI hormones regulate by influencing
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GI secretions
Absorption of foods Motility of the gut Blood flow in the digestive tract |
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Digestion must be optimized and synchronized: need to produce ________at the correct ________, there must be ________motility and ______ _____must be increased
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enzymes
pH gastric blood flow |
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the stomach has ___muscle layers, the intestine has ______
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3,2
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plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, GI hormones and leptin ________hunger
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dampen
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only 100ml of _____is secreted most is absorbed by the ________ and then the _______
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water
intestine colon |
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GI cells are the only endocrine cells ________
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directly effected by the exxternal environment
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What are the designations
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin |
G stomach, duodenum
S upper small intestine I upper small intestine |
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Gastrin effects
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increases GA secretion, GI growth, and motility
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Secretin
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Increases pancreatic and bicarbonate secretion, CCK pancreatic enzyme secretion
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CCK
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increase gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secreion, decreases gastric emptying, increases growth of exocrine pancreas
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GIP
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lowers Gastric acid secretion
Increases glucose mediated insulin |
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Somatostatin
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decreases antral gastrin secretion
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Stimulants
Gastin CCK Secretin GIP |
protein digestion, PS input
Fat or protein in SI Acid in SI glucose fats or acid |
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Modes of Deliver
Gastrin CCK Secretin VIP Motilin SubP GIRO |
Enzyme secretion
Enzyme Secretion Buffering Motility Motility Motility Blood Flow |
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APUD
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Amine
Precursor Uptake Decarboxylate neural crest origin neuroectoderm or neuroendocrine ectoblast |
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What hormone from the pancreas acts as in inhibitor for digestion
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Somatostatin inhibits motility and reduces secretion
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Cephalic (from brain or nervous), parasympathetic activity stimulates
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acid and pepsinogen directly and indirectly (through G cells) stimulate parietal and chief cells
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How does the pathway change if it is gastric?
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same pathway, different stimuli
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What do they secrete?
G cells Parietal cells Chief Mucus |
gastrin
HCL pepsinogen mucus |
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Closed loop, SI pH control
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fundic mucosa
duodenal mucose secretin pancreas HCO3 H2CO3 |
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What does secretin cause the pancreas to do?
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Secreat a water, alkaline juice,
close sphincter decrease gastic acid stimulate bile increase insulin potentiates CCK |
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CCK levels ________after a meal and stay _____for _______hours
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rise
high 2 |
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S cells react to _________________ stimulate ___________ by the pancreatic _______cells for
______________ |
acid
secretin duct neutralization |
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I cells react to ______________ stimulate _____________by the pancreatic ________cells for
________________ |
fat and protein
CCK acinar digestion |
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What precedes entry of bile into SI?
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bile secretion (secretin) gallbladder contraction, Sphincter relaxation
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Anorexia may be due to increased _______secretion or increased sensitivity to _______
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CCK
CCK |
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Bulimia may by due to lowered
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CCK
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Gastric ulcers may be due to increased _________
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gastrin
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Hydrochloric disease Pernicious anemia results
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gastric fundus atrophits and parietal cells are destroyed, uninhibited gastrin neoplasia
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Adrenal Gland section looks like ________ surrounded by _________
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Medulla surrounded by Cortex
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Mylin production dependent upon ____ so nervous symptoms begin to show during ________ ________
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B12
pernicious anemia |
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Adrenal cortex is ________tissue surrounded by _________
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nervous
mesodermal |
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The cortex zones are
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glomerulosa
fasciculata reticulus |
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Main hormones
glomerulosa fasciculata reticulus |
aldosterone
cortisol, corticosterone androgens, estrofens, progesterone |
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Regulated by:
glomerulosa fasciculata reticulus |
angiotensin
ACTH ACTH |
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Cholestorol with normal ACTH makes ________in the zona fasciculata; high levels stimulate _________in the zona glomerulosa
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cortisol
aldosterone |
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Major actions of cortisol
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increase free glucose for nervous tissue and increase free fatty acids for everyone else
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Cortisol depresses the primary recructment by __________ (no ___)and the secondary proliferation (no release of _________)
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IL1
IL2 |
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A stressor raises_______and _______
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ACTH/Cortisol
Epinephrine |
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Seyles General Adaptation Syndrome
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Alarm
Resistance Exhaustion hypocortical and sympathetic axis |
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Selyes on
HPA RAA GH Thyroid Axis |
gluconeogenesis, less inflammatory response
retetnion of sodium and water secretion of hydrogen lipolysis carb catabolism |
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exhaustion
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depletion of cortsiol/adrenaline
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Teppermans
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Immediate blood pressure/volume
Redistribution energy, GH Repair homeostasis |
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Hormonal changes during stress
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Sympa nervous system
increase in NE and E increase in HPA |
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insulin _______during stress
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less opposition of glycogen
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Glucocorticoid function
hypo- hyper- |
addisons, adrenal virilism
cushings, hypertension |
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very low cortisol stimulates overproduction of _____
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ACTH
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The medulla is a modified sypathetic _________no axons _________secreted into the blood
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ganglion
epinephrine |
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preganglion releases
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ACh
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If there an a receptor blockade, the ____ will induce smooth muscle contraction
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B demonstrating does dependent outcomes, and cascular smooth tissue
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CHC unify through
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fuel delivery- glucose, lactate
transport-cardiac output venous return and O2 delivery ventilation |
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CCH incluse MAO and COMT
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both can degenerate NE, one in the mitochondria, the other in the cytoplasm
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cortisol induces ______ which increases _____concentration
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PNMT,
E |
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hemorrage
hypoxia |
NE
E |
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