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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of prolactin?
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Promotes lactation
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What is different about pituitary prolactin secretion regulation relative to all others?
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Tonically INHIBITED by dopamine produced by hypothalamus
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What hormone increases prolactin secretion?
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Estrogen
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What compound are the effects of growth hormone mediated by i.e. what do tissue produce in response to GH?
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IGF-1
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What is secreted by the hypothalamus to control GH release?
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GHRH - stimulates
Somatostatin - inhibits |
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Under what conditions is GH release stimulated? Suppressed?
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Stimulated: sleep, exercise, stress, and hypoglycemia
Suppressed: hyperglycemia |
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What thyroid hormone regulates TSH release from pituitary?
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T4 (more than T3)
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What pituitary hormone is suppressed when estrogens or testosterone are given chronically?
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LH
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What hormone deficiencies are seen with Pit-1 dysfunction?
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GH, PRL, TSH
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What hormone deficiencies are seen with PROP-1 dysfunction?
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GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH
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What is the mechanism of action of cabergoline and bromocriptine?
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Dopamine agonists
(Suppress PRL secretion) |
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What is the mechanism of action of pegvisomant?
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GH receptor antagonist
(For acromegaly/gigantism) |
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What is the function of StAR?
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Transports cytoplasmic cholesterol into mitochondria for steroid synthesis
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11-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type I - function?
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Converts cortisone (inactive) into cortisol (active) in liver, adipose, and lungs
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11-betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type II - function?
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Coverts cortisol (active) into cortisone (inactive) in kidney
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5-alpha-reductase - function?
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Converts Testotsterone to DHT
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Aromatase - function?
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Converts testosterone to estrogen in peripheral tissues
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Which adrenal hormone is most strongly regulated by ACTH?
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Cortisol
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What are the three ways for stimulating the CRF-ACTH-Adrenal axis?
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Hypoglycemia - whole axis
CRH - pituitary/adrenal secretion ACTH - adrenal secretion |
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What is adminstered to inhibit the CRF-ACTH adrenal axis?
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Dexamethasone is a potent glucocorticoid that inhibits the axis and suppresses ACTH action
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How is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system stimulated for testing?
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Upright posture (lowers BP)
Na deprivation (lowers H2O retention) Diuretcs |
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How is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibited for testing?
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Supine posture
Na loading |
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Aside from virilization what is the major clinical feature of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
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Hypotension - lack of cortisol and aldosterone
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Aside from virilization what is the major clinical feature of 11-hydroxylase deficiency?
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Hypertension - increase in 11-deoxycorticosterone - a strong mineralocorticoid
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Is hyperpigmentation absent or present in primary adrenal insufficiency?
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Present - lack of adrenal hormones leads to high ACTH levels
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What hormone is the most sensitive marker for gonadal damage?
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FSH
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What is a normal FSH level suggestive of?
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Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
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What is the name of the area where GnRH secreting neurons are located?
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Arcuate nucleus
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High GnRH pulse frequency in women leads to secretion of what hormone?
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LH
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Low GnRH pulse frequency leads to secretion of what hormone?
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FSH
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What is the mechanism of action of thionamides?
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Inhibit organification of iodide and coupling reaction
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Mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
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Increases secretion of insulin by increase K+ efflux on Beta cells
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Mechanism of action of meglitinides?
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Increases insulin secretion by binding to so K+ efflux ATPase on Beta Cells
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Mechanism of action of metformin?
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Decreases hepatic glucose output
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Mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
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Inhibits alpha-glucosidase to prevent glucose absorption in the gut
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Mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?
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Enhances insulin sensitivity of muscles and fat
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Mechanism of action of GLP-1?
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Stimulates insulin secretion
Stimulates beta-cell proliferation Inhibits gastric motility Suppresses appetite and food intake |
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What is the main pitfall of GLP-1? Two ways it is avoided
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Rapidly regaded by DPP-IV
Administer exenidin-4 - doesn't get broken down Administer DDP-IV inhibitor |
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Mechanism of action of amylin?
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Delays gastric emptying and inhibits glucogan secretion
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How does the aldose-reductase and polyol pathway cause complications in hyperglycemia?
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Glucose consumes NADPH needed to reduce glutathione leaving cells open to oxidative damage
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How do the formation of advanced glycation endproducts cause hyperglycemia induced complications?
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1) Alter protein function
2) Modify ECM components 3) Modify plasma proteins leading to increased ROS |
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How does increased flux through the hexosamine pathway cause hyperglycemia induced complications?
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Increased production of UDP-N-GlcNAc from increased shunting glycosylates transcription factors altering gene products
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What is the mechanism of action of flutamide?
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Androgen receptor antagonist
Treats prostate cancer and female hirsutism |
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What is the mechanism of action of finasteride? What is it's purpose?
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5-alpha reductase inhibitor
Treats benign prostatic hypertrophy |
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What does menotropin consist of? What is its purpose?
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FSH and LH combined
Induces ovulation |
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Three mechanisms that oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
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1) Prevents ovulation
2) Alters the uterine endometrium 3) Increases cervical mucus |
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How does tamoxifen work? Where is it an antagonist? Where is it an agonist?
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Acts as an estrogen antagonist on breast tissue
Acts as an estrogen agonist on bone and uterus |
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How does anastrozole work?
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Aromatase inhibitors
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How does mifepristone work?
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Antiprogestin that causes endometrial shedding
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What do alendronate and risedronate do?
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Bisphosphonates that inhibit bone resorption
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What is raloxifene used for?
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Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
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What is the difference between constant and intermittent infusion of parathyroid hormone for bone?
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Constant - leads to bone formation
Pulsed - bone resorption |
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What effects does estrogen have on bone cell cytokines (which are released)?
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Decreases production of IL-6, RANKL antagonist osteoprotegerin, and increase osteclast death
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What is denosumab?
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Monoclonal antibody against RANKL
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What effect do glucocorticoids have on bone?
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Detrimental to bone calcium and metabolism
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