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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine System
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- Composed of endocrine glands & hormone secreting cells
- Regulate body systems by releasing hormones into blood - Travel with blood but only affect target cells (cells with receptors) |
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Endocrine System (Functions)
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Communication to achieve physiological responses to maintain homeostasis
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Exocrine
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Glandular excretion into epithelium
(sweat glands & GI track) |
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Hormone
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- Chemical messenger secreted into blood
- Triggers a physiological response in distant cells with receptors for it |
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Types of Communication
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- Autocrine: cell to itself
- Paracrine: cell to close cell - Endocrine: cell to cells far away - Neurotransmitter: synapses - Gap Junctions: cells to fused cells |
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3 Classes of Hormones
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- Steroids (lipids)
- Peptides (proteins, glycoproteins) - Monoamines (amine-derived) |
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Steroids (Lipids)
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- Derived from cholesterol
- Sex steroids... (Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) - Corticosteroids: produced in adrenal gland (Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone) |
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Peptide (Proteins, Glycoproteins)
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(Chain of 3-200 amino acids)
Proteins - Synthesized from peptides - Insulin - Growth hormone Glycoproteins - Protein with carbohydrate side chain |
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Monoamines
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- Amine derived from tyrosine or tryptophan
- Includes neurotransmitters (Melatonin, Seratonin) - Thyroid hormones |
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Endocrine Glands
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- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary (Anterior/Posterior) - Pineal - Thyroid (Parathyroid) - Thymus - Adrenal (Glands/Medulla/Cortex) - Pancreas - Gonads (Ovary/testes) |
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Hypothalamus
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- Forms walls & floors of third ventricle of brain
- Gives rise to posterior pituitary gland - Controls: appetite, thirst, body temp - Hormones... 5 releasing, 2 inhibiting, 2 others |
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Pituitary Gland
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- Suspended form hypothalamus
- Composed of 2 structures... Adenohypophysis (anterior) Neurohypophysis (posterior) |
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
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- Mass of nerves
- Hypothalamic nerves extend into lobe - Hormones released... ADH, Oxytocin |
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
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- No nervous connection to hypothalamus
- Blood vessel connection - Pick up hormones in hypothalamus & excrete from anterior pituitary |
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Pineal Gland
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- Pine cone shaped (shrinks)
- May control puberty onset - Produces... Serotonin: during the day Melatonin: during the night |
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Thyroid Gland
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- Largest endocrine gland, wrapped around trachea
- Consists of 2 large lobes... Calcitonin Thyroid Hormone |
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2 Lobes of Thyroid Gland
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- Calcitonin...
Secretes when blood calcium levels rise Promotes calcium deposition in children - Thyroid Hormone... Secreted in response to TSH from pituitary gland Increases alertness, bone growth |
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Parathyroid Gland
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- 4 glands embedded in thyroid tissue
- Secrete parathyroid hormone |
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Thymus
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- Located superior to heart
- Shrinks in adults - Regulates development & activation of lymphocytes - Secretes... Thymopoietin Thymosin |
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Adrenal Glands
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- "Cap" on superior tip of kidneys
- 2 parts fused together... Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex |
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Adrenal Medulla
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- Mostly modified nervous tissue
- Functions... Increases alertness, anxiety, fear, heart rate, blood pressure |
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Adrenal Cortex
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- Secretes aldosterone, water & electrolyte balance
- Sex steroids (androgen, male development) |
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Pancreas
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- Contains pancreatic islet
(islets produce hormones) - Produces 3 hormones... Glucagon: converts glycogen to glucose Insulin: stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen Somatostatin: inhibits glucagon & insulin |
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Gonads
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- Testes: sperm production
(Produce testosterone, androgen, & estrogen) - Ovaries: regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy (Produce estrogen, progesterone) - Both secrete... Inhibin (inhibits FSH) |
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Axes
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Chain on endocrine glands influencing each other
Ex: - HPA: Hypo, Pituitary, Adrenals - HPG: Hypo, Pituitary, Gonads - HPT: Hypo, Pituitary, Thyroid |
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Positive Feedback
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Feedback that results in a strengthening of the signal "keep going"
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Negative Feedback
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Feedback that results in decreasing/stopping the signal "stop"
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Disruption of carb, fat, & protein metabolism resulting from the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
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Type I Diabetes
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- Insulin dependent
- Juvenile - Treatment... Meal planning, exercise, & insulin injections |
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Types II Diabetes
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- Non insulin dependent
- Adult onset - Insulin resistant - Treatment... Weight loss, exercise, medication |
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Classic signs of Diabetes
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- Polyuria (excessive urine)
- Polydipsia (intense thirst) - Polyphagia (ravenous hunger) |
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Thyroid Disorder: Goiter
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Enlargement of thyroid gland due to Iodine deficiency
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Adrenal Disorder: Giantism/dwarfism
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Too much or lack of growth hormone
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