Endocrinology

Front 1

endocrine system complexities

Back 1

Single gland may release multiple hormones - tsh, acth, gh, fsh, lh prolactin.
+Hormone may be relased by multiple glands
+Single hormone may have multiple target cells
+ single target cell targeted by multiple hormoes
+Messenger may be hormone or neurotransmitter.

Front 2

Simple Endocrine Reflex

Back 2

1. internal/external change
2. Endocrine system sensory inegrating center
3. efferent signal - hormone
4. effectors
5. response

Front 3

Simple Neural Reflex

Back 3

1. internal change
2. receptor
3. afferent pathyway
4. neural system intergrating center
5. efferent neuron
6. effectors
7. response.

Front 4

Complex Neuroendocrine reflex

Back 4

1. internal change
2. receptor
3. afferent pathways sensory neuron
4. neural system integrating center
5. efferent neuron
6. endocrine integrating center
7. efferent signal # 2: hormone
8. effectors
9. response.

Front 5

Three Classes of Hormones

Back 5

1. Peptides and Proteins (Majority)
2. Amines
- derived from amino acids tyrosine
3. Steroids - neutral lipids derived from cholesterol
- adrenal cortex and gonads,

Front 6

Structure
Testosterone vs Estradiol

Back 6

difference is Testosterone has O double bond and Estradiol has OH

Front 7

Hormone Synthesis and Storage
- Peptide Hormones

Back 7

1. must be segregated from other internal proteins
2. preprohormones
-synethesized by ribosome on ER, migrate to Golgi
3. Prohormones to active hormones
- pruned twice
4. Concentrated Golgi
-stored in the cytoplasm
5. secretory vessicles fuse with membrane.
-exocytosis due to signal

Front 8

Hormone Synthesis and Storage
- Steroid Hormones

Back 8

1. Cholesterol is precursor
- derived from LDL in diet
- Can Be stored as lipid drops
2. Cholesterol modified to form all steroids
- requires enzymes
3. Synethesized hormones immediately diffused
- Rate of Synthesis determiens release
4. Sometimes happens in blood

Front 9

Hormone Synthesis and Storage
- Amines

Back 9

1. thyroid and adrenomedullary catecholamines
2. derived from naturally ocuring AA tyrosine
3. no synthetic enzymes located in secretory cells
4. both types of amines stored until secreted

Front 10

Hydrophillic Peptides/Amines -

Back 10

Do not pass membrane
bind with specific receptors on plasma membrane surface
---then uses secondary messengers

Front 11

Lipophillic steroids

Back 11

- pass through membranes
- bind with specific receptors inside target cell
---always acts on genes in nucleus
---membrane receptors in other vertebrates??