Endocrine/ Urinary System

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Endocrine system

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A group of ductless(no tube) glands that secrete substances into the bloodstream(hormones).

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Hormones

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Substances that are produced + secreted but the endocrine glands. Called "chemical messages"

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Pituitary gland

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Master gland of the body. Produces hormones that affect others glands. Located at the base of the brain. Two lobes: Anterior, Posterior

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Adrenocortictropic (ACTH)

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ACTH: released during periods of stress; major effect is production/release of corticosteroids from the cortex of adrenal gland

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thyrotropin (TSH)

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Stimulates growth/ secretion of the thyroid gland

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Somatotropin (GH)

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(growth hormone); stimulated normal body growth

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Anterior lobe

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ACTH, TSH, GH

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Posterior lobe

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ADH, Oxytocin

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Vasopressin (ADH)

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Antidiuretic; promotes water reabsorption in kidneys; constricts blood vessels

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Oxytocin (Pitocin)

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Causes uterine contractions during childbirth; stimulates milk flow form the breasts

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Acromeagaly

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Overexertion of Somatotropin (GH) in adults; usually caused by pituitary tumor.

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Giantism/Gigantism

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Oversecretion of GH before puberty.

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dwarfism

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Undersecretion of GH

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diabetes insipidus

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Undersecretion of vasopression (ADH); water is not reabsorbed in the kidneys

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Thyroid gland

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Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism and control the level of calcium in blood. Requires iodine to produce hormones

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goiter

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Enlargement of thyroid gland

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Hyperthyroidism

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Overactive thyroid gland

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hypothyroidism

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Interactive thyroid and deficiency of thyroid hormone

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parathyroid glands

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4 on thyroid gland; regulate blood calcium levels

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Hyperparathyroidism

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Over-production of parathormone

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hypoparathryoidism

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Underactivity of parathyroid gland

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Adrenal glands

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"Suprarenal glands" located above each kidney. 2 parts: cortex(outer(secretes steroid hormones)) and the medulla(inner(secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine))

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Addison's Disease

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Decreased aldosterone and cortisol secretion by adrenal cortex; decreased level of potassium in blood

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Cushing's syndrome

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Overexertion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex due to tumor or excess ACTH production but pituitary gland.

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Pancreas

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both exocrine(duct) gland and endocrine(ductless) gland. Beta cells produce insulin(a hormone which allows cells to absorb sugars from the blood). Alpha cells produce glucagon(which increases glucose levels in blood

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Diabetes mellitus

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Chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin.

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Type 1 diabetes

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Pancreas doesn't produce insulin.

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Type 2 diabetes

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Insulin produced in pancreas is inefficient

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ovaries

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Secrets 2 hormones: estrogen and progesterone

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Testes

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Produce testosterone

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Urinary system

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Removes certain wastes and excess water from body. Responsible for maintaining acid-base balance

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kidneys

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2 organs protected by ribs and fat. Enclosed by adipose capsule and fibrous capsule. 2 sections: cortex(outer contains most of the nephrons) and the medulla(inner contains most of the collecting tubules

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Hilum

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A notched/indented area through which the ureter, nerves,and blood vessels and lymph vessels enter and leave the kidney

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Nephrons

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Filtering units

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Glomerulus

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Cluster of capillaries where substances are filtered out.

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Bowman's Capsule

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C shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and start of convoluted tubule

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Ureters

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Tubes from the kidney to the bladder. Uses peristalsis to push urine through.

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Bladder

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Hollow muscular sack. Lined with rugae.

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Circular sphincter

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Muscle that controls the opening of the bladder

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urethra

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Tube that carries urine. 1 1/2 inches in females. 8 inches in males

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urine

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Waste products. 95% water.

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Polyuria

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Excessive urination

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Oliguria

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Below normal amounts of urination

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Anuria

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Absence of urination

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hematuria

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Blood in the urine

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Pyuria

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Pus in the urine

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Nocturia

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Urination at night

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Dysuria

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Painful urination

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retention

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Inability to empty the bladder

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Incontinence

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Involuntary urination

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Void

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Another term for urinate

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Cystitis

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Inflammation of the bladder

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glomerulonephritis (nephritis)

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Inflammation of the glomerulus

Acute-usually follows strep infection

Chronic-progessive disease. Leads to renal failure.

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Pyelonephritis

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Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelivs

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Renal calculus

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Kidney stones

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renal failure

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When kidneys stop functioning.

Acute: caused by hemmorage, shock, injury, etc

Chronic: progressive lots of kidney function

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Uremia

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Toxic condition where kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream

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urethritis

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Inflammation of the urethra. Usually cause by bacteria, virus, and chemicals

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Hemodialysis

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Method used to achieve the removal of waste products and excess water from the blood hen a person is experiencing renal failure

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Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

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Peritoneum is used as a membrane where fluids and destroyed substances are exchanged from blood. Increased change of infection.

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Urine testing

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Determine pathological changes in a patients urine in standard urinalysis.

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Kidney transplant

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Can come from deceased or living can live with one kidney. Works like any other transplant

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lithotripsy

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Uses shock waves to break up stones in urinary tract.