Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List 5 different routes that the Endocrine System can maintain homeostasis?
|
Metabolism
Growth & development Water & electrolyte balance Reproduction Behavior |
|
|
What are the 3 ways to regulate hormone secretion?
|
Neural
Biorhythms Feedback Control |
|
|
This type of hormone regulation increases or decreases hormone release b/c of pain, emotion, smell, touch, injury, stress, sight or taste?
|
Neural
|
|
|
Glucagon, cortisol, ADH and catecholamines released d/t surgery or trauma are released d/t what type of regulation?
|
Neural
|
|
|
What hormones are released based on neural regulation?
|
Glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines and ADH
|
|
|
Glucocorticoid secretion, menstrual cycle and growth hormone are all released d/t what type of hormone regulation?
|
Biorhythm-intrinsic hormonal oscillations
|
|
|
Parathyroid hormone is controlled by calcium, insulin and glucagon are controlled by glucose, & vasopressin is controlled by serum osmolarity: are all examples of what type of hormone regulation?
|
Feedback Control
|
|
|
A hormone-regulating mechanism in which a given hormone response initiates signals amplifying release is? Give example.
|
Positive feedback
Luteinizing Hormone precedes ovulation is stimulated by LH |
|
|
What are three classifications of hormones?
|
Peptide or protein
Amine or amino acid derivative Steroid |
|
|
Name 5 different hormones that are of the peptide classification.
|
Insulin, Growth, ADH, angiotensin, prolactin, erythropoietin, calcitonin, somatostatin, ACTH, oxytocin, glucagon & parathyroid
|
|
|
This classification of hormones is synthesized in endocrine cells as prehormones and prohormones?
|
Peptide Hormones
|
|
|
This classification of hormones is stored in secretory granules within the endocrine gland?
|
Peptide Hormone
|
|
|
With stimulus to secretion, how is a peptide hormone released into the extracellular fluid?
|
Exocytosis
|
|
|
List 3 hormones that are classified as amines and their amino acid derivative?
|
Serotonin-tryptophan
Thyroid hormones-tyrosine Catecholamines-tyrosine |
|
|
Where are thyroid hormones stored?
|
Thyroid gland
|
|
|
Where are catecholamine hormones stored?
|
Adrenal Medulla
|
|
|
What are steroid hormones derived from?
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
Name some common steroid hormones.
|
Adrenal Cortex hormones: Cortisol & aldosterone
Reproductive hormones: estrogen, progesterone & testosterone |
|
|
Where are steroid hormones stored and how are they released into extracellular fluid?
|
Within the endocrine cell and released by diffusion
|
|
|
What types of hormones are bound to transport proteins?
|
Circulating steroid and thyroid hormones
|
|
|
What type of hormones are not bound to transport proteins?
|
Circulating catecholamines and most protein hormones
|
|
|
T/F: Hormones bound to proteins have a longer half life.
|
True
|
|
|
What types of hormones have widespread receptors?
|
Insulin and Growth Hormone
|
|
|
What type of hormone has receptors on a single target tissue?
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
|
Receptors for what types of hormones activate second messengers?
|
Protein hormones and catecholamines
|
|
|
Name different second messengers involved in hormone receptor activation.
|
cAMP, cGMP, calcium, Diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate
|
|
|
What enzyme catalyzes the intracelular conversion of ATP to cAMP?
|
adenyl cyclase
|
|
|
What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP and terminates its intracellular actions?
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
|
What hormones use cAMP as their second messenger?
|
TSH, ADH, parathyroid hormone, glucagon, some catecholamines, corticotropin, FSH & LH
|
|
|
What are 2 hormones that are small and lipophilic molecules that enter their target cells by simple diffusion?
|
Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
|
|
|
How long does a hormone, that acts by binding to a cell membrane receptor, take to generate its effects?
|
seconds to minutes
|
|
|
How long does a hormone, that binds to intracellular receptors, take to generate its effects?
|
hours to days
|
|
|
What is the 1/2 life for an insulin receptor?
|
7 hours
|
|
|
What type of relationship does the # of hormone receptors have to the # of circulating hormones (direct/inverse)?
|
Inverse
|
|
|
The (down/up) regulation of receptor # serves to decrease the responsiveness of a target cell to hormone excess.
|
Downregulation
|
|
|
The (down/up) regulation of receptor # amplifies the cell's sensitivity to hormone stimulation.
|
Upregulation
|
|
|
Insulin resistance observed in obesity and type 2 DM, may be a result of what type of regulation of insulin receptors?
|
Downregulation of insulin receptors (in response to chronically igh levels of circulating insulin)
|
|
|
A low circulating hormone concentration may result in what type of regulation of those particular hormone receptors?
|
Upregulation
|
|
|
Is the hypothalamus located inside/outside the BBB?
|
Outside the BBB
|
|
|
What endocrine gland serves to "communicate between the nervous system & endocrine system"?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Hypothalamus receives input from what other areas of the body?
|
Limbic, RAS, cortex, thalamus, internal and sensory organs
|
|
|
What functions does the hypothalamus control?
|
Thirst, hunger, sex behavior, defensive & emotional reactions, thermoregulation, pituitary function, helps control ANS and synthesizes 9 different hormones
|
|
|
What 9 hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize?
|
Thyrotropin-release hormone
Corticotropin-release hormone Gonadotropin-release hormone Prolactin-rel/inh factor Growth hormone rel. hormone Growth hormone inh. factor |
|
|
What is somatostatin?
|
Growth hormone - inhibitory factor
|
|
|
Where is the Pituitary Gland?
|
Outside the BBB, in he Sella-turcica at the base of the brain, connected to the hypothalamus via hypophyseal stalk
|
|
|
Names for the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and what is their blood supply derived from?
|
Anterior Lobe:
adenohypophysis superior hypophyseal artery Posterior Lobe: neurohypophysis inferior hypophyseal artery |
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
|
Thyrotroph-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)- thyroid gland
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Corticotropin - releasing hormone
|
Corticotroph-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTC, corticotropin)- Adrenal gland
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Gonadotropin- releasing hormone
|
Gonadotroph-FSH/LH- Gonads
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Prolactin-releasin factor
|
Lactotroph- Prolactin- Breasts
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Prolactin Inhibitory factor
|
Lactotroph
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Growth hormone - releasing hormone
|
Somatotroph- Growth hormone- all tissues
|
|
|
Name hormones/targets from: Hypothalamic - Anterior pituitary target cell - Anterior Piutitary Hormone - Hormone target site for: Growth hormone- inhibitory factor
|
Somatotroph- Growth hormone- all tissues
|
|
|
What are the 6 hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
|
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth hormone
|
|
|
What are the 5 secretory cells of the anterior pituitary?
|
Thyrotroph, Corticotroph, Gonadotroph, Lactotroph, Somatotroph
|
|
|
T/F: The Anterior Pituitary synthesizes, stores and secretes hormones?
|
True
|
|
|
What percentage of weight does the anterior pituitary constitute?
|
80%
|
|
|
Which hormone has anabolic, ketogenic and diabetogenic metabolic effects?
|
Growth Hormone
|
|
|
Anabolic/Ketogenic/Diabetogenic: Increased mobilization of free fatty acids?
|
Ketogenic
|
|
|
Anabolic/Ketogenic/Diabetogenic: Increased rates of protein synthesis?
|
Anabolic
|
|
|
Anabolic/Ketogenic/Diabetogenic: Decreased rate of glucose use yeilding hyperglycemia?
|
Diabetogenic
|
|
|
What factors might stimulate growth hormone?
|
Stress, sleep, hypoglycemia, free fatty acid decrease, amino acid increase, fasting, estrogens, dopamine, alpha agonists
|
|
|
What factors might inhibit growth hormone?
|
HGH -inhibiting hormone, pregnancy, hyperglycemia, free fatty acid increase, cortisol, obesity
|
|
|
This hormone stimulates formation of cholesterol, posesses mild melanocyte-stimulating properties, and regulates secretions of the adrenal cortex,
|
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
|
|
|
What factors might stimulate ACTH?
|
Corticotropin-releasig hormone, cortisol decrease, stress, sleep-wake transition, hypoglycemia, trauma, alphaagonists, beta antagonists
|
|
|
What factors might inhibit ACTH?
|
ACTH, cortisol increase, opioids, etomidate, suppression of the hypothalamic- pituitary axis
|
|
|
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
|
Hypophysis
|
|
|
What is a result of chronic administration of ACTH?
|
Atrophy of hypothalamic-pituitary axis/ Surgical stress may cause life threatening hypotension
|
|
|
How do you treat a surgical patient who has been on chronic steroids, who is suddenly hypotensive during the case?
|
Give a stress dose (100mg) of hydrocortisone
|
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid releasing hormone: which is made in the anterior pituitary?
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
|
Which hormone is responsible for ovarian follicl development and spermatogenesis?
|
FSH
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for ovulation and stimulating the testes to produce testosterone?
|
LH
|
|
|
What hormone is responsible for growth and development of breasts for breast feeding?
|
Prolactin
|
|
|
What increases release of prolactin?
|
pregnancy and stress
|
|
|
What inhibits release of prolactin?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
What controls the synthesis of hormones from the anterior pituitary?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Where are the neurosecretory cells located?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
What is the capillary bed that neurohormones are released into?
|
median eminence
|
|
|
Hormones travel down the pituitary stalk to a vascular system called?
|
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vessels
|
|
|
What are causes of hyposecretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?
|
Compression of the gland tumor
Destruction of tissue radiation,surgical hypophysectomy, necrosis |
|
|
What is Sheehan's syndrome?
|
An anterior pituitary hyposecretory disorder caused by necrosis from postpartum hemorrhagic shock
|
|
|
Dwarfism is caused by what?
|
Hyposecretion of HGH
|
|
|
What are characteristics of dwarfism?
|
Insufficient bone maturation, short stature, mild obesity, decreased lean body mass, hypoglycemia
|
|
|
What is a multiglandular dysfunction that is characterized by decreased thyroid function, glucocorticoids, suppression of sex development and reproductive function
|
Panhypopituitarism
|
|
|
What are anesthetic considerations for panhypopituitarism?
|
Thyroid hormone replacement and corticosteroid replacement
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of what hormones, are usually the result of adenomas
|
ACTH, Prolactin, GH
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of prolactin results in what problems?
|
Galactorrea, amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido, impotence in men
|
|
|
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
|
Gigantism is the result of excess HGH before adolescence and acromegaly is after adolescence (epiphyseal plate closure)
|
|
|
What stimulates the secretion of prolactin?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
Bone lengthening occurs with which disorder? Bone deposited on existing bone is associated with which disorder?
|
Gigantism
Acromegaly |
|
|
What are charateristics of acromegaly?
|
Headache, papilledema, visual disturbances, overgrowth of soft tissues, naal turbinate enlargment, increased length of mandible, polypoid masses
|
