Endocrine System - Saunders Review

Front 1

Addison's disease

Back 1

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids) from the adrenal gland, resulting in deficiency of the corticosteriod hormones. THE CONDITION IS FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED.

Front 2

Chvostek's sign

Back 2

spasm of facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear

sign is noted in hypocalcemia

Front 3

Cushing's disease

Back 3

metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally increased secretion of cortisol

caused by increased amount of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) secreted by pituitary gland

Front 4

Cushing's syndrome

Back 4

metabolic disorder resulting from the chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex or by the administration of glucocorticoids in large doses for several weeks or longer (exogenous or iatrogenic)

Front 5

dawn phenomenon

Back 5

A nocturnal release of growth hormone, which may cause blood glucose level elevations before breakfast in the client with diabetes mellitus. Treatment includes administering an evening dose of intermediate-acting insulin at 10 PM.

Front 6

diabetes insipidus

Back 6

The hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in the kidneys and diuresis

Front 7

diabetic ketoacidosis

Back 7

A life-threatening complication of the diabetes mellitus that develops when a severe insulin deficiency occurs. Hyperglycemia progresses to ketoacidosis over a period of several hrs to several days. Acidosis occurs in clients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, persons with undiagnosed diabetes, and person who stop prescribed treatment for diabetes.

Front 8

diabetes mellitus

Back 8

A chronic disorder of glucose intolerance and impaired carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin. A deficiency of effective insulin results in hyperglycemia.

Front 9

hyperglycemia

Back 9

Elevated blood glucose level > 250 mg/dL

Front 10

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

Back 10

Extreme hyperglycemia w/o acidosis. A complication of Type 2 DM, which may result in dehydration or vascular collapse but does not include the acidosis component of diabetic ketoacidosis. Onset is usually slow, taking from hours to days.

Front 11

hypoglycemia

Back 11

Low blood glucose level (less than 70 mg/dL) that results from too much insulin, not enough food, or excess activity.

Front 12

hypophysectomy

Back 12

The removal of the pituitary gland.

Front 13

hypothyroidism

Back 13

A hypothyroid state resulting from a hyposecretion of thyroid hormone. The condition occurs in adulthood.

Front 14

myxedema

Back 14

most severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by swelling of the hands, face, feet, and periorbital tissues. At this stage, the disease may lead to coma and death.

Front 15

myxedema coma

Back 15

A rare but serious disorder that results from persistently low thyroid production. Coma can be precipitated by acute illness, rapid withdrawal of thyroid medication, anesthesia and surgery, hypothermia, and the use of sedatives and opiod analgesics.

Front 16

somogyi phenomenon

Back 16

A rebound phenomenon that occurs in clients with Type 1 DM. Normal or elevated blood glucose levels are present at bedtime; hypoglycemia occurs at about 2 - 3 AM. Counterregulatory hormones, produced to prevent further hypoglycemic, result in hyperglycemia (evident in the prebreakfast blood glucose level). Treatment includes doses of intermediate - acting insulin or increasing the bedtime story.

Front 17

thyroidectomy

Back 17

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland to treat persistent hyperthyroidism or thyroid tumors.

Front 18

thyroid storm

Back 18

An acute, potentially fatal exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that may result from manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery, severe infection, or stress.

Front 19

Trousseau's sign

Back 19

A sign of hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the brachial artery with a blood pressure cuff for 3 minutes.

Front 20

Endocrine gland
functions (6)

Back 20

1. Maintenance & Regulation of Vital Functions.
2. Response to stress & injury
3. Growth and development
4. Energy metabolism
5. Reproduction
6. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Front 21

Risk factors for endocrine gland disorder

Back 21

1. Age
2. Heredity
3. Congenital Factors
4. Trauma
5. Environmental Factors
6. Consequence of other disorders

Front 22

hypothalamus

Back 22

Activates, controls, and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, endocrine processes, and many somatic functions, such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite.
Located in the diencephalon of the brain.

Front 23

hypothalamus hormones (6)

Back 23

1. Corticotropin - releasing hormone (CRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
4. Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH)
5. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
6. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Front 24

pituitary gland
5 facts

Back 24

1. The MASTER gland, located at the base of the brain.
2. Influenced by the hypothalamus
3. Directly affects the function of the other endocrine glands
4. Promotes growth of body tissue, influences water absorption by the kidney
5. Controls sexual development and function

Front 25

Pituitary gland hormones
anterior lobe
(8)

Back 25

1. Adrenocortioctropic Hormone (ACTH)
2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
3. Growth Hormone (GH)
4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
5. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
6. Prolactin (PRL)
7. Somatorophic growth-stimulating hormone
8. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Front 26

pituitary gland hormones
posterior lobe
(3)

Back 26

** These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior lobe, and secreted into the blood when needed.

1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)