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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 'exocrine' glands?
Examples? |
They secrete their products into ducts
Ex: Sweat, mucus, tears, saliva |
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What are 'endocrine' glands?
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They deliver their products directly into the blood stream
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What do the endocrine glands produce?
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They produce hormones.
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What is the purpose of the endocrine glands?
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They work with the nervous system to control and coordinate all other body systems.
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Describe the main difference between how the nervous and endocrine system work.
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The nervous system controls with impulses - in a faster and shorter duration.
The endocrine system controls with hormones - in slower and longer duration. |
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What are 'hormones'?
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Chemical messengers with regulatory effect on cells and organs.
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What two kinds of hormones are there?
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Amino acid compounds and lipids
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What are amino acid compounds?
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Protein or protein related.
Most hormones except steroids. |
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1.What are 'lipids'?
2.Where are they produced? |
1.Lipids are made from fatty acids. Mostly steroids which are derived from cholesterol.
2. Adrenal cortex and sex glands |
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What kind of hormone is 'prostaglandins'?
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Lipid
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Name 3 examples of hormones which affect many tissues?
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Growth hormone, thyroid hormone and insulin
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What is a 'target tissue'?
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A specific tissue acted upon by a hormone.
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Name 2 examples of hormones which have target tissue?
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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What is the formal name for the 'master gland'?
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The pituitary gland
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What gland manages sleep/wake cycles?
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The pineal gland
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Where is the thyroid'?
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Anterior neck, superficial to the thyroid cartilage
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Where are the 'parathyroids'?
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Embedded in the thyroid gland.
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What gland sits on top of the kidneys?
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The adrenals
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What gland is both endocrine and exocrine?
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The pancreas
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Where is the pancreas?
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Behind the stomach
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What gland, if removed, causes a person to die within hours?
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The adrenals
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Describe the difference between what the growth hormone does in adults versus children?
When is it secreted? |
Converts fuel into cells for growth in children and into repair adults.
During stage IV sleep. |
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What is another term for adrenaline?
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Epinephrine
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Where is the adrenaline coming from?
What does it do? |
Adrenal medulla
Short term, high grade stress and reinforces sympathetic response. |
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What impact does massage have on cortisol levels?
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It lowers it
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What does cortisol do?
Where does it come from? |
Long-term low-grade stress, sustaining fight-or-flight response, slows healing and increases belly fat.
From adrenal cortex. |
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Where can you easily measure cortisol levels?
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In the saliva
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Name up to 10 hormones that are affected by massage.
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Cortisol, mineralcorticoids, insulin/glucagon, thyroxine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, erythropoietin, melatonin and prostaglandins
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Some physical symptoms of stress?
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Elevated blood pressure, headache, stuttering.
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Some emotional symptoms of stress?
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Lack of interest, anxiety, reduced self-esteem.
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Some cognitive symptoms of stress?
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Attention deficit, errors in judging distance, reduced creativity.
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Some behavioral symptoms of stress?
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Increased smoking, aggressive behavior/driving, nervous laughter.
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What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
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The Alarm Stage
The Resistance Stage The Exhaustion Stage |
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What did Hans Selye describe in 1936?
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
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Describe the Alarm Stage.
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Immediate response to stress within 2-3 seconds.
Sympathetic response: Fight-or-flight, adrenalin, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, increased heart rate and decreased digestion. |
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Describe the Resistance Stage.
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Secondary and more long-lasting response.
Mobilizing fat/protein reserves to keep glucose levels up, increased vulnerability to infections. |
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Describe the Exhaustion Stage.
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Vital systems break down, exhaustion of fat reserves, inability to produce glucocorticoids.
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What can lack of or perceived lack of control do to our ability to cope with stress?
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Amplify the damage.
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Is massage always a positive stressor? Why or why not?
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It can be too much for fragile people.
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What are 5-7 positive impacts of massage on stress?
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- Lowers cortisol
- Increased dopamine, serotonin and NK cells - Stimulates parasympatetic - Relaxes muscles - Breaks vicious cycle of stress |
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What is the cause of Diabetes Mellitus?
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Insulin shortage or insulin resistance
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Type 1 Diabetes demographics and cause?
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Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- autoimmune attack on beta cells causing life long insulin deficiency - High risk for big fluctuation in blood glucose - diabetic emergencies |
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Describe Type 2 Diabetes demographics and how it is controlled.
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Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- More women than men 90% are obese Usually controllable with diet, exercise, but with insulin meds |
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Name the 3 'poly' symptoms for diabetes.
...and 4 other symptoms? |
Polyuria - frequent urination
Polydipsia - thirst Polyphagia - hunger Fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting. |
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What is 'insulin chock'?
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Too much insulin - low blood sugar
dizziness confusion, weakness, tremors. Treat with milk, juice, candy. |
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Name 6 - 7 complications of diabetes.
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Cardiovascular disease, edema, ulcers/gangrene, kidney disease, impaired vision, neuropathy, urinary tract infection.
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When was insulin developed?
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1921
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Some treatments for diabetes?
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Insulin pump (Type 1)
Maintain eyes, feet, skin, diet and exercise (Type 2). |
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What are the 4 goals in diabetes treatment?
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- Improve insulin production
- Inhibit release of glucose from the liver Increase sensitivity to insulin - decrease absorption of carbs in small intestine |
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Massage for diabetes clients?
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- Cardiovascular and kidney problems contraindicates vigorous circulatory massage
- Work when insulin is NOT at peak - Watch for numbness, skin lesions |
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What is 'hyperthyroidism'?
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Thyroid produces too much hormones - over-stimulating the metabolism of fuel into energy
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Hyperthyroidism causes?
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- Autoimmune attack on thyroid
- Nodules become hyperactive - Inflammation of thyroid |
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Symptoms/signs of hyperthyroidism?
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Too much thyroxine -
Weight loss, anxiety, tremors, weak skeletal muscles, light menstrual periods, brittle nails, goiter. |
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Massage for hyperthyroidism clients?
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If skin is healthy massage can be beneficial and can help ameliorate sympathetic symptoms.
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What is 'hypothyroidism'?
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Thyroid hormones are abnormally low - under-stimulating metabolism and NOT generating energy from fuel
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Symptoms/signs of hypothyroidism?
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Weight gain, brittle hair, puffy skin, heavy menstrual periods, high risk of heart disease.
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Massage for hypothyroidism clients?
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- Respect the risk of atherosclerosis
- Appropriate, may alleviate fatigue |
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Hypothyroidism causes?
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Pituitary gland secretes TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
T3 and T4 gets secreted. When T3/T4 are high TSH stops. In early Hypothyroidism TSH is high |
