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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PTH
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Parathyroid Hormone
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Function of PTH
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Break down osteoclasts
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PTH breaks down osteoclasts by increasing ____ _____ and decreasing _____
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blood calcium
PO4- |
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Result of hyperparathyroidism
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soft, fragile, deformed bones
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The thyroid gland is referred to as a ______ gland
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parafollicular
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The thyroid gland produces _______ which acts on ______
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calcitonin
osteoblasts |
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Calcitonin acts by decreasing ____ _____ and increasing ______
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blood calcium
phosphate |
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Growth hormones act on the _____ to produce _______
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liver
somatomedins |
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Somatomedins increase _____ and cause growth of _____ and _____. They also stimulate ____ _____. They enhance _____ ____ transport. They decrease the body's ______ and increase ____ _____.
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mitosis
muscles bones protein synthesis amino acid catabolism lipid metabolism |
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Hypopituitarism causes ____ ____.
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Pituitary dwarfism
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Hyperpituitarism causes ____ in children and ____ in adults.
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gigantism
acromegaly |
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the pancreas has a mostly _____ function
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exocrine
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The _____ ____ contains endocrine cells in the pancreas
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pancreatic islet
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Beta cells in the pancreas secrete ____. This increases ____ ____ by cells and decreases _____ ____. It also stimulates the ____ ____ effect and antagonizes ______.
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insulin
glucose uptake blood sugar nutrient storage glucagon |
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Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete _____. This is secreted when the body is low on _____. It stimulates _____, fat _____, and promotes absorption of ____ _____ for _____.
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glucagon
carbs glycogenolysis catabolism amino acids gluconeogenesis |
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Delta cells in the pancreas secrete _____. This is the same hormone as _____. It is secreted when the body senses an increase in ____ and ____ ____. It has a _____ effect, it modulates the secretions of ___ and ____ cells. The _____ and _____ also secrete this.
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somatostatin
GHIH glucose and amino acids paracrine Alpha and Beta Hypothalamus and stomach |
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6 Symptoms of diabetes?
Hint: Poly- Poly- Poly- Hyper- 2 more (specific molecules) |
polyuria
polydipsia polyphagia hyperglycemia glycosuria ketonuria |
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Ketones result from excessive ____ _____. They ____ pH.
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fat breakdown
decrease |
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Type ___ diabetes is Juvenile diabetes, and makes up ___% of diabetes. What causes it? - Not enough _____. This is due to autoimmune destruction of ____ _____. It is treated with _____ _____.
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1
10 insulin beta cells insulin injections |
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Type ___ diabetes is adult onset, which makes up ___% of diabetes. It is due to a problem with ____ _____ and is related to _____. You can treat it with ____ and ____. Oral meds improve ____ ____ or ____ _____ _____.
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2
90 receptors obesity diet, exercise insulin secretion target cell sensitivity |
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In diabetes, weight loss and weakness occur because cells cannot absorb ____ and have to rely on _____ and ____. Fat catabolism increases the number of __ __ __ and _____ in the blood, the latter decreases ____. As a result, that causes _____ and eventually _____ ____.
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glucose
fat and protein FFAs, ketones pH dyspnea diabetic coma |
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In diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia leads to _____ and ____ damage. Type 1 diabetes often damages the ____ and ____. Type 2 diabetes often causes _____ which leads to ____ ____. _____ is common in both types.
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neuropathy, cardiovascular
kidney, retina atherosclerosis, heart failure gangrene |
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_____ results from excess insulin injections or a tumor in the _____ ____. It causes what 3 things?
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Hyperinsulinemia
pancreatic islet Hypoglycemia, weakness, hunger |
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Hyperinsulinemia triggers the secretion of ____, ___, and ____. Patients experience side effects of ____ such as ____, ____, and increased ____.
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Epi, GH, glucagon
Epi Sweating, anxiety, ^ HR |
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Uncorrected hyperinsulinemia leads to ____ ____, which can cause what three things?
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insulin shock
disorientation, convulsions, unconcsiousness |
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The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ____. It releases ____, more specifically - _____. The function is to ____ _____ ____. It stimulates fat and protein ____ , and the release of _____ into the blood. An example is ____.
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ACTH
Corticosteroids, glucocorticoids repair damaged tissue catabolism glucose cortisol |
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The middle layer of the adrenal cortex releases _____, which control _____ and ____ _____. An example is _____, which causes ___ _____ and ___ ____.
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Mineralcorticoids
water, electrolyte balance aldo Na retention, K excretion |
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The inner layer of the adrenal cortex releases ____, or ___ ____. These are converted to ____ and _____ in the tissues.
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androgens, sex steroids
estrogen, testosterone |
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The adrenal medulla releases what 2 hormones?
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Epi
NE |
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Medulla tumor cells are known as ______. This causes the ____secretion of ____ and ____. This increases the effects of the _____.
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Pheochromocytoma
hyper, epi, NE SNS |
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A tumor in the outer cortex is due to excess _____. This causes a disease cause ____ ____. This can cause hyper_____, hyper____, ____, and ____. It causes ____ and ____ loss and fat deposition on the ____ and ____.
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ACTH
Cushings Syndrome glycemia, tension, weakness, edema muscle, bone shoulders, face |
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A tumor on the inner cortex is due to excess ____ and causes a disease called ______ _____. This causes enlargement of the ____ and _____ and the premature onset of ____. In women, it causes _____ _____, a deep ____, and excess body ____.
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Androgens
Adrenogenital Syndrome penis, clitoris puberty masculinized genitals, voice, hair |
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Addison disease is caused by the underproduction of the _____ ____. It causes _____secretion of ____ and _____. It causes problems with _____ and ____ balance. It stimulates the synthesis of ____ and causes _____ of skin.
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Adrenal gland
hypo, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids energy, water melanin, bronzing |
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The ovaries contain ____ cells in the wall of the _____. It produces ______, which is responsible for the first half of the menstrual cycle. After ovulation, the follicle is called the ____ ____. It produces _____, causing the second half of menstruation.
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granulosa
follicle estradiol corpus luteum progesterone |
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The ovary functions to develop the ____ ____, regulate ______, sustain ____, and prepare _____ glands for _____.
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reproductive system
menstruation pregnancy mammary, lactation |
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In the testis, ______ cells between _____ _____ secrete ______. This develops the ____ ____ and sustains ____ ____ and ____ ____.
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interstitial
seminiferous tubules testosterone reproductive system sperm production sex drive |
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_______, in the heart, ______ blood volume and pressure due to _____ and _____ ____ from the kidneys.
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ANF
decreases sodium, water loss |
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The kidneys secrete _____ which starts the ____ __ cascade, and _____, which stimulates bone marrow to _____ _____.
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Renin - Ang II
Erythropoietin - Secrete RBCs |
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The pineal gland has its peak secretion at what age?
It produces ____ by day and converts it to ____ by night. It modulates the ____/____ cycle. |
1-5 yrsseratonin, melatoninsleep/wake
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