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47 Cards in this Set
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A disease characterized by large, coarse features, particularly of the face and hands. This results from overproduction of the growth hormone. In addition to swelling of the face, hands, and feet, body hair increases, skin thickens and darkens, and the size and function of sweat glands increase. This results in profuse sweating and an offensive body odor. Overgrowth of the mandible bone leads to a protrusion of the jaw. Changes in larynx cartilage causes a husky voice. The tongue becomes enlarged and furrowed. Joint symptoms are common, including a crippling arthritis. Headaches are common. The heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, thyroid, parathyroids, and pancreas are all larger than normal.
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acromegaly
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A disease of the adrenal glands in which there is an insufficiency of the adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and orthostatic hypotension. Increased pigmentation occurs, especially on bony prominences. Black freckles appear over the forehead, face, neck, and shoulders, as well as vitiligo (white patches over the skin, surrounded by a darker-than-normal skin border). Bluish/black discoloration of the areolae and lips, as well as the mucous membranes of the mouth, rectum, and vagina appears. Weight loss, dehydration, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea often occur. The heart is smaller than normal. The patient has a decreased tolerance to cold and has a slow metabolism. Dizziness and syncopal attacks occur.
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Addison's disease
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white patches over skin, surrounded by a darker-than-normal skin border.
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vitiligo
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syncopal attacks =
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fainting
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fainting =
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syncopal attacks
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General ill health and malnutrition. This is a common side effect of hormonal disorders.
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cachexia
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A condition resulting from an excess of the adrenocorticotropic hormone. This disease is more common in females. This disease is more common in females. Its symptoms include a rounded "moon" face with truncal obesity and prominent supraclavicular and dorsal cervical fat pads (called a "buffalo hump.") Lower arms and legs and fingers are quite slender. Muscle wasting and weakness are present. The skin is thin and bruises easily. Hypertension, renal calculi, osteoporosis, glucose intolerance, a reduced resistance to infection, and psychosis are all common. Women also experience irregular menstruation. This is sometimes a side effect of administering glucocorticoid drugs in large doses (such as prednisone) for extended periods of time.
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Cushing syndrome
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cervical fat pads =
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buffalo hump
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buffalo hump =
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cervical fat pads
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Widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands occurring in infants, children, and young adults. Includes signs of chronic pulmonary disease with persistent cough and wheezing, pancreatic deficiency, abnormally high electrolytes, and cirrhosis. Teenagers experience slow growth or delay of puberty. Chronic and/or recurrent abdominal pain exists and can be due to several gastrointestinal factors.
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cystic fibrosis
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A subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), probably viral in origin. The gland becomes enlarged, pale, and firm. Primary feature is neck pain (often described as a sore throat) radiating to the jaw and ears. Hyperparathyroidism occurs because of the enlargement of the gland.
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de Quervain disease
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condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. The condition is often referred to as an "overactive thyroid."
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hyperparathyroidism
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overactive thyroid =
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hyperparathyroidism
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hyperparathyroidism =
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overactive thyroid
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A temporary or chronic disorder of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland involving a deficiency of the vasopressin hormone. The only symptoms are severe polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive and dilute urine).
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diabetes insipidus
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excessive thirst =
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polydipsia
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polydipsia =
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excessive thirst
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polyuria =
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excessive and diluted urine
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excessive and diluted urine =
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polyuria
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A syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion or effectiveness. It is classified into two main categories: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type I) and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II). Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss (even with a normal or increased dietary intake), and dehydration. Complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, foot ulcers, and infections susceptible to bacterial invasions which affect the soft tissues of the foot and often require amputation.
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diabetes mellitus
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2 diabetes mellitus types =
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insulin-dependent (type I) and noninsulin-dependent (type II)
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insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is what type
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type I
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noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is what type
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type II
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hyperglycemia means
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abnormally high blood sugar
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abnormally high blood sugar =
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hyperglycemia
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Congenital underdevelopment due to hyposecretion of the growth hormone. The primary symptom is growth retardation with normally-proportioned limbs. Puberty is usually delayed, although does occur normally, and reproduction is ultimately possible.
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dwarfism
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Lactation in men, or in women who are not breastfeeding.
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galactorrhea
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Overdevelopment or abnormal growth due to hyperexcretion of the growth hormone. This leads to excessive size and stature.
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gigantism
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Chronic abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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goiter
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Disease process that is constantly present, to a greater or lesser degree, and widespread in a regional population
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endemic
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A disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter and exophthalmos (bulging of the eyeballs, also spelled exophthalmus).
Common signs are goiter, tachycardia, warm and moist skin, tremors, bulging eyeballs, and atrial fibrillation. Frequent symptoms also include nervousness and increased activity, increased sweating, hypersensitivity to heat, palpitations, fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, and frequent bowel movements. Other effects of Graves disease on the eyes include stare, lid lag, lacrimation, irritation, and blurred or double vision. |
Graves disease
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Bulging of the eyeballs, also spelled exophthalmus.
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exophthalmus
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A chronic inflammation of the thyroid with lymphocytic infiltration of the gland, thought to be caused by autoimmune disorders. This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. It is much more frequent in women than men.
Patients complain of a painless enlargement of the gland or a fullness in the throat, and a goiter is present. Otherwise symptoms are the same as with hypothyroidism. |
Hashimoto disease
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Elevated serum calcium levels, above 10.5 mg/dl. This is a common side effect of hyperparathyroidism.
Most patients with hypercalcemia are asymptomatic. However, as levels rise, symptoms are manifested and become worse. These include constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Even more severe elevations (greater than 12 mg/dl) result in emotional lability, confusion, delirium, psychosis, stupor and coma. |
hypercalcemia
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A generalized disorder resulting from excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by one or more of the parathyroid glands. This is manifested by hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and excessive bone resorption.
Symptoms include calcium deposits in the renal tubules, osteoporosis resulting in pain and tenderness of bones and spontaneous fractures, muscle weakness, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, drowsiness, and anorexia. |
hyperparathyroidism
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A condition caused by excessive production of thyroid hormones.
Symptoms include goiter, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, palpitations, fatigability, nervousness, tremors, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, warm/moist skin, weight loss, muscular weakness, increased bowel movements, emotional lability, and eye signs. (Notice similarities to Graves disease—a specific type of hyperthyroidism.) |
hyperthyroidism
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An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood.
There are two distinct symptomatology patterns caused by hypoglycemia. The first includes sweating, nervousness, tremulousness, fainting, palpitations, and sometimes hunger. The second include confusion, inappropriate behavior (often mistaken for drunkenness), visual disturbances, stupor, coma, and seizures. This can be caused by dietary imbalances or by an overdose of insulin |
hyperglycemia
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A condition resulting from greatly reduced production of parathyroid hormones.
The lack of a parathyroid hormone leads to a fall in the plasma calcium level (called hypocalcemia). This leads to a muscular excitability and, ultimately, tetany. There may also be dermatology symptoms, cataracts, psychiatric symptoms, dental symptoms, and associated failure of other endocrine glands. |
hypoparathyroidism
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Deficiency of thyroid function or activity. Primary hypothyroidism is the most common form, and is probably autoimmune in origin. It results in a shrunken, fibrotic thyroid gland with little or no function. This is much more common in women.
Patients exhibit a dull facial expression with slow, hoarse speech, puffiness and swelling around the eyes, cold intolerance, and droopy eyelids. Hair is sparse, coarse, and dry. The skin is likewise coarse, dry, scaly, and thick. Patients are forgetful and show evidence of intellectual impairment with a gradual change in personality. The heart becomes enlarged. There may also be pleural or abdominal effusions. Constipation is common. Paresthesias of the hands and feet occur due to a deposition of substances in the ligaments around the wrist and ankle that produces nerve compression. Anemia is often present. |
hypothyroidism
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A complication of diabetes mellitus that results from grossly deficient insulin modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. It follows the accumulation of ketone bodies within the body tissues and fluids.
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ketoacidosis
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A term often used interchangeably with adult hypothyroidism but usually referring to the most severe form of hypothyroidism. It results from abnormal deposits of carbohydrate compounds in the skin and other tissues due to hypothyroidism.
Symptoms include a dry, waxy swelling of the skin. This is a nonpitting edema with remarkable facial changes including swollen lips and a thickened nose. |
myxedema
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An increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, usually because of an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.
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obesity
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Inflammation of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
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Generally a benign vascular tumor of the tissue of the adrenal medulla.
The main symptom, a result of increased secretions of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension. During severe attacks there may be sweating, headache, palpitations, apprehension, tremor, pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities. |
pheochromocytoma
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A deficiency of all hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Also called panhypopituitarism.
The symptoms vary greatly depending upon which hormone is deficient. |
Simmonds disease
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Simmonds disease =
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panhypopituitarism
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panhypopituitarism =
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Simmonds disease
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