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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
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False
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
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kidneys
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The infundibulum is
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a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
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The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes
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cortisol
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___ is not a steroid hormone
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Insulin
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The initial response to stress is called ____ and is mediated mainly by ___
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the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
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Diabetes insipidus is caused by
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.
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Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood.
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acromegaly
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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except
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hypoglycemia.
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Hormones serve as intracellular messengers
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False
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Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
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True
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Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
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True
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This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
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melatonin
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The ___ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness and quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system
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thyroid gland
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T4 and T3 are _____ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.
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monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
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Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
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True
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The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system.
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quickly; quickly; specific
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__ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
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Paracrines
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___ has more target cells in the body than any of the others.
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Growth hormone (GH)
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The ___ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
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parathyroid glands
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The ___ secrete(s) ___, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
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adrenal cortex; aldosterone
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Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
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glucagon, which raises blood glucose.
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This gland has both endocrine and exocrine function.
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the ovary
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Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
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True
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The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system.
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quickly; quickly; specific
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Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
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glucagon, which raises blood glucose.
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Absence of iodine in the diet leads to
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hypothyroidism.
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Aspirin and ibuprofen block
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the action of cyclooxygenase.
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Testosterone is a gonadotropin.
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False
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Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.
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False
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The ___ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
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kidney
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What makes a cell a target of a particular hormone?
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the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
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The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secrets
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oxytocin (OT).
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These are all hypothalamic hormones except
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luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Negative feedback inhibition occurs when
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thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary.
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Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of
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enzyme amplification.
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Diabetes insipidus is caused by
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.
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Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
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False
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Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia.
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True
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After a wound is sealed, tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis.
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True
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_____________ is not found in plasma.
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Glycogen
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Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.
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False
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Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia.
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True
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___________ is a protein not commonly found in plasma.
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Hemoglobin
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Erythrocytes transport oxygen and serve to
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transport carbon dioxide.
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Most oxygen is transported bound to
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heme groups in hemoglobin.
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An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except
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increased hypoxemia.
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Differential count of ______________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
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neutrophils
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All these can lead to polycythemia except
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iron deficiency.
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Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of
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pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs).
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All these can cause leukopenia except
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dehydration.
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Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the
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red bone marrow.
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What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
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bilirubin
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When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by
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plasmin.
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All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except
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the presence of tissue thromboplastin.
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The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by
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a fibrin polymer.
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Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.
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False
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Many RBCs die in the
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spleen and liver.
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Most clotting factors are synthesized in the
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liver.
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The ________________ performs the work of the heart.
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myocardium
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Atrial depolarization begins during
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the P wave.
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Oxygen-poor blood passes through
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the right AV (tricuspid) valve and pulmonary valve.
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The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiocytes is probably related with _____________ staying longer in their cytosol.
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Ca2+
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The long absolute refractory period
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prevents tetanus.
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The systemic circuit contains oxygen-rich blood only.
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False
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The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles.
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True
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Blood in the heart chambers provides most of the myocardium's oxygen and nutrient needs.
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False
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Parasympathetic stimulation reduces heart rate.
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True
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Cardiac muscle can only use glucose as a source of organic fuel.
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False
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If the SA node is damaged, nodal rhythm is sufficient to sustain life.
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True
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Atrial systole begins
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immediately after the P wave.
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Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the _________ of the electrocardiogram.
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R wave
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the _____ branch of the left coronary artery travels down to the apex of the heart
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anterior interventricular
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The cardiocytes are described as ____ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation
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autorhythmic
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an arterial ____ is a convergence of two arteries
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anastomosis
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the right _____ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blood to the lateral right atrium and ventricle
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marginal
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the group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker for the heart is called the
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sinoatrial node
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the groove that encircles the heart near its base separating the atria from the ventricles is the ____ sulcus
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coronary
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The group of autorhythmic cells in the interatrial septum of the heart that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles is known as the
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atrioventricular node
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the names of nervelike processes that distribute the electrical signals throughout the ventricles are the
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perkinje fibers
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the name of the internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are the
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pectinate muscles
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the left _____ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and the left aspect of the heart
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marginal
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the electrolyte ____ has the greatest chronotrophic (heart rate) effect on the heart. An imbalance in this electrolyte is a medical emergency
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potassium
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Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) reduces the strength of myocardial action potentials, thus reducing the release of clacium; therefore this condition will ____ contractility
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decrease
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Factors that are "negative inotropic agents will cause
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decreased contractility
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impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _____, allowing a pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction
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av node
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the percentage of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected from the ventricle per contraction is the
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ejection fraction
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______ antagonizes the action of parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoblast activity, thus promoting calcium deposition and bone formation
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calcitonin
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PIH
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PROLACTIN-INHIBITING HORMONE
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______ is an enzyme secreted by the kidneys in response to hypotension that converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading indirectly to a rise in blood pressure
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Renin
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This hormone promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating gormone and luteinizing hormone
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GnRH
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angiotensingen is secreted by the
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liver
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thyroid hormones
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T3, T4
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