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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This regulates most endocrine functions of the body
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Hypothalamus
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Where is the hypothalamus located?
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Base of the brain in the anterior portion of the diencephalon.
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This connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
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infindibulum
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What is the other name for pituitary gland?
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hypophysis
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what is the hypophysis?
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pituitary gland
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Where is the hypophysis located?
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in the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone
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what is the adenohypophysis?
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anterior pituitary
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What is the blood vessel network that connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis?
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hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
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what is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
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blood vessel network that connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis
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What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
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neurohypophysis
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What is the neurohypophysis?
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posterior pituitary
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How is the neurohypophysis connected to the hypothalamus?
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neurons in the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
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how are hormones transfered from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis?
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axons of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
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Of the adenohypophysis or the neurohypophysis, which does not create its own hormones?
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neurohypophysis
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Of the adenohypophysis or the neurohypophysis, which serves as a storage area for hormones until they are needed?
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neurohypophysis
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In the neurohypophysis, where are the hormones stored until they are needed?
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In the synaptic knobs of the neurons of the nerve cells which transported them
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What are the two classes of hypothalamic hormones that regulate the adenohypophyis?
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releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
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How do the hypothalamic hormones (releasing or inhibitory) reach the adenohypophysis?
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hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
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These stimulate or supress the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones
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Which releasing hormone stimulates the thyrotropic cells of the adenohypophysis?
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thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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What is thyrotropin-releasing hormone?
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sent from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis to stimulate thyrotropin cells to release thyroid-stimulating hormone into the blood stream
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what cells in the adenohypophysis release TSH when stimulated?
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thyrotropin cells
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What is TSH
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
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what is TRH
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thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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what kind of cells in the hypothalamus synthesizes the two hormones?
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neurosecretory cells
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What two hormones are produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus?
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressen)
oxytocin |
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how are the hormones which are produced by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus transported to the neurohypophysis?
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via the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
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Where are ADH and oxytocin stored in the posterior pituitary?
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nerve terminals
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what organ(s) does ADH act upon?
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kidneys to increase water retention from the renal tubules. It also acts to constric blood vessels
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This hormone causes smooth muscle contraction within the male and female reproductive tracts
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oxytocin
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This hormone stimulates milk ejection from lactating mammary glands
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oxytocin
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Describe how lactaion occurs in the endocrine system
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the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin in neuroscretory cells and sends them to the neurohypophysis via the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract where they are stored in nerve terminals until the axons are stimulated. Upon stimulation, oxytocin is released from the nerve terminals into the blood vessels. Oxytocin then acts on the lactating mammary glands to eject milk from them.
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What is another name for adrenal glands?
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suprarenal glands
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what is another name for suprarenal glands?
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adrenal glands
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how many veins drain the adrenal glands?
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one
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what is the name of the vein that drains the adrenal glands?
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suprarenal vein
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off of which major vessel do the suprarenal arteries branch?
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abdominal aorta
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to which major vessel does the suprarenal vein drain?
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inferior vena cava
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suprarenal glands are composed of an outer ____ and an inner _____
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cortex; medulla
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the _____ of the adrenal glands synthesizes more than 25 steriod hormones
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cortex
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how many steriod hormones does the cortex of the suprarenal gland synthesize?
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over 25
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steroids are known collectively as _____
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corticosteroids
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the cortex consists of _____ layers
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3
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The thin outer layer of the adrenal cortex:
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zona glomerulosa
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where are mineralcorticoids synthesized?
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zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
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Which group of hormones help regulate electrolyte composition and concentrations in body fluids?
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mineralcorticoids
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What is the principal mineralcorticoid?
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aldosterone
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What does aldesterone do?
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regulates sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body fluids
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The thick middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the
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zona fasciculata
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The _____ is composed of lipid-rich cells that secrete glucocorticoids
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zona fasciculata
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Where are glucocorticoids synthesized?
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zona fasciculata; the thick middle layer of the adrenal cortex
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These hormones stimulate metabolism of lipids and proteins, help regulate glucose levels in the blood, and play a role in decreasing inflammation.
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glucocorticoids
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What are two of the most common glucocorticoids?
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cortisol and corticosterone
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to what group of steroid hormone do cortisol and corticosterone belong?
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glucocorticoids
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The deepest layer of the adrenal cortex
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zona reticularis
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where are adrenal sex hormones synthesized?
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zona reticularis
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what are some adrenal sex hormones?
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weak androgens, estrogen
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This zone of the suprarenal cortex is composed of irregular cords
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zona reticularis
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large clusters of chromaffin cells are located here
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the medulla of the suprarenal gland
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epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from here when the sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system stimulates it
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suprarenal medulla
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This is the largest endocrine gland
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thyroid gland
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the left and right lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the _____
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isthmus
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what is the isthmus of the thyroid gland
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connects the left and right lobes
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How does blood reach the thyroid gland?
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superior and inferior thyroid arteries
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what veins carry hormones from the thyroid gland?
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superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
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What kind of epithelium are the walls of thyroid follicles made of?
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simple cuboidal
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Follicular cells surrounding a central lumen in the thyroid
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thyroid follicles
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What is the follicle lumen of a thyroid follicle filled with?
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viscous colloid that contains glycoprotein and thyroglobulin
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What is another name for C cells?
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parafollicular cells
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what is another name for parafollicular cells?
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C cells
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where are capillaries and parafollicular cells located in the thyroud?
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loose connective tissue between follicles
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What kind of cell secretes the hormone calcitonin?
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C cells
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what kind of hormone do parafollicular cells secrete?
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calcitonin
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What does calcitonin do?
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Involved in regulating calcium levels in body fluids
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_____ is the antagonist to parathyroid hormone
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calcitonin
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calcitonin is the antagonist to _____ hormone
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parathyroid
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calcitonin is the _____ to parathyroid hormone
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antagonist
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Thyroid hormone is a general term for how many specific hormones? What are they?
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two
triiodothyronine (T3) tetraiodothryonine (T4, thyroxine) |
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what are the other names for tetraiodothryonine?
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thyroxine or T4
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what is T4
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tetraiodothyronine
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what is thyroxine
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T4 or tetraiodothyronine
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What is T3
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triiodothyronine
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What stimulates T3 and T4?
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THS
Thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland |
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thyroglobulin contains multiple _____ amino acids
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tyrosine
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how does thyroglobulin get into the follicular lumen?
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secreted into the follicular lumen by follicular cells
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I- in the blood crosses the follicular cells and into the follicular lumen and are converted into what?
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I2 molecules (iodine)
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What two molecules combine to form iodinated thyroglobulin?
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tyrosine molecules and iodine
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How long can thyroglobulin be stored in the follicular lumen?
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2-3 months
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What happens in the first phase of TH production?
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I- molecules cross the follicular cells into the follicular lumen and conver to iodine. The follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin which contains many tyrosine molecules. The iodine combines with the thyroglobulin to form iodinated thyroglobulin.
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In the second phase of TH production, what absorbs iodinated thyroglobulin?
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follicular cells
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In the second phase of TH production, what do the follicular cells absorb?
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iodinated thyroglobulin
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What combines with iodinated thyroglobulin inside the follicle cells to create T3 and T4?
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lysosomes
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How do the iodinated thyroglobulin get absorbed into the follicle cells?
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endocytosis
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What is the primary effect of TH?
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To maintain normal cellular metabolic activity
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Excess production of TH is called what?
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hyperthyroidism
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What does excess production of TH cause?
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Increased metabolic rate
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What are some of the symptons of hyperthyroidism?
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weight loss, heat intolerance, hyperactivity, goiter
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Insufficient TH production is called
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hypothyroidism
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What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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sluggishness, weight gain, sensitivity to cold temperatures
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Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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posterior surface of the thyroid gland
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How many parathyroid glands are there?
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Usually 4, but the number varies from 2-6
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How do parathyroid glands receive their blood supply?
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inferior thyroid arteries
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How many cell types compose parathyroid glands?
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two
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What are the two cell types of the parathyroid glands?
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Chief cells (principle cells)
oxyphil cells |
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what is another name for chief cells?
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principle cells
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what is another name for principle cells?
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chief cells
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what is the function of oxyphil cells?
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unknown
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what is the function of chief cells?
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synthesize parathyroid hormone
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where is the parathyroid hormone synthesized?
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principle cells of the parathyroid
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What is PTH?
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parathyroid hormone
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When is PTH secreted into the blood stream?
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In response to low blood calcium levels
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Does PTH raise or lower blood calcium levels?
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raise
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How does PTH raise blood calcium levels?
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1 - promotes resorption of calcium from bone tissue
2 - increases resporption of calcium from the kidneys so it is not excreted in urine 3 - stimulates synthesis of calcitrol in the kidney (active form of vitamin D) which increases calcium absorption at the small intestine |
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what stimulates synthesis of calcitrol in the kidneys?
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parathyroid hormone PTH
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What promotes calcium resorption from bone tissue?
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PTH parathyroid hormone
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What increases resorptionof calcium from the kidneys to prevent it from being excreted in urine?
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PTH parathyroid hormone
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what is the active form of vitamin D?
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calcitrol
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What is calcitrol and where is it made?
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active form of vitamin D increases absorption of calcium at the small intestine; kidneys
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Excess PTH is called what?
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hyperparathyroidism
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what causes hyperparathyroidism?
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excess PTH production
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hyperparathyroidism may lead to bone fractures because of ____
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decreased calcium stored in the bone
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What are some symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
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bone fractures, kidney stones, depression, muscular weakness, cardiac arrest
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What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?
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Inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands during thryoid surgery
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The lack of PTH causes high/low blood calcium levels?
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low
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what are some results of having low blood calcium levels?
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neuromuscular symptoms such as tingling in the fingers and limbs, muscle cramps, cardiac arrhythmia, and tetany, which may lead to death by asphyxiation.
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Anatomically, where is the spleen?
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between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen, inferior and posterior to the stomach.
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is the spleen an endocrine or exocrine gland?
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both
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Which endocrine gland is both endocrine and exocrine?
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pancreas
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Which organ consists primarily of exocrine acinar cells and their associated ducts?
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pancreas
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These cells secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?
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pancreatic acini cells
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How are enzyme-rich juices moved from the pancreas to the small intestine?
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via pancreatic ducts into the duodenum of the small intestine
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What is the purpose of the enzyme-rich juices made by the pancreas?
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To aid in digestion
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are pancreatic islets endocrine or exocrine cells?
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endocrine
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what is another name for pancreatic islets?
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islets of Langerhans
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What are islets of Langerhans?
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pancreatic islets
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How many types of cells are contained in pancreatic islets?
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four
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What are the four cell types found in pancreatic islets?
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alpha, beta, delta, F cells
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Alpha, beta, delta, and F cells do what?
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release hormones into the blood stream
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This cell secretes glucagon
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alpha pancreatic islet cell
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what is the function of glucagon?
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a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream
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what stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream?
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the hormone glucagon, which is secreted into the blood stream by alpha pancreatic islet cells
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What stimulates alpha pancreatic islet cells to secrete glucagon?
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a decline in blood glucose levels
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What do beta pancreatic islet cells secrete?
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insulin
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What stimulates beta pancreatic islet cells to secrete insulin into the blood stream?
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blood levels of glucose and amino acids rising
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What cells stimlulate somatostatin?
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delta pancreatic islet cells
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What hormone do delta pancreatic islet cells secrete?
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somatostatin
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This hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon and slows the activities of the digestive organs, thereby slowing the entry of nutrients into the bloodstream
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somatostatin
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Of alpha, beta, and delta pancreatic islet cells, which one opposes the activity of the other two?
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delta
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Of alpha, beta, delta and F pancreatic islet cells, which supresses the one that opposes the activity of the other two?
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F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide which supress and regulate delta pancreatic islet cells from secreting somatostatin.
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Which endocrine gland releases ADH?
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Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
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